1. Use Case Diagram in Detail
CT1414
February 2012
By: Fatimah Alakeel
Reviwed by: Asma Alzaid

2. use case
Use cases are technique for capturing functional requirements of a system.
It describe the typical interaction between the users of the system and the system itself.
A scenario is a sequence of steps describing an interaction between a actors and a System .
An actor is something with behavior, such as a person (identified by role), computer system, or organization; for example, a cashier.

3. Scenario Example (web based online store)
The customer browses the catalog and adds desired items to the Shopping basket. When the customer wishes to pay, the customer describes the shipping and credit card information and confirms the sale . The System Checks the authorization and the credit card and confirms the sale both immediately and with a follow-up .

4. Use Case
Start the use case by writing the main success scenario as a sequence number of step.
Then take the other (alternative) scenario and write the as Extensions.

5. Main Success Scenario Example
Buy a Product Goal Level : Sea Level Main Success Scenario : 1 . Customer browses catalog and selects items to buy 2 . Customer goes to check out 3. Customer fills in shipping information (address ; next-day or 3-day delivery) 4. System presents full pricing information, including shipping 5 . Customer fills in credit card information 6 . System authorizes purchase 7 . System confirms sale immediately B . System sends confirming to customer Extensions : 3a : Customer is regular customer .1 : System displays current shipping, pricing, and billing information .2 : Customer may accept or override these defaults, returns to MSS at step 6 6a : System fails to authorize credit purchase .1 : Customer may reenter credit card information or may cancel

6. Use Case Types and Formats
Black-box use cases are the most common and recommended kind.
They do not describe the internal workings of the system, its components, or design.
The system is described as having responsibilities.
Specify what the system must do (the functional requirements) without deciding how it will do it (the design).

7. Black Box Style Example
Not
Black-box style
The system writes the sale to a database.
...or (even worse):
The system generates a SQL INSERT
statement for the sale...
The system records the sale.

8. Use Case Format
Fully dressed - the most elaborate. All steps and variations are written in detail, and there are supporting sections, such as preconditions and success guarantees.
Brief - terse one-paragraph summary, usually of the main success scenario.
Casual - informal paragraph format. Multiple paragraphs that cover various scenarios.

9. Use Case Steps
1. Choose the system boundary. Is it just a software application, the hardware and application as a unit, that plus a person using it, or an entire organization? 2. Identify the primary actors. Those that have user goals fulfilled through using services of the system. 3. For each, identify their user goals. Raise them to the highest user goal level that satisfies the EBP guideline. 4. Define use cases that satisfy user goals; name them according to their goal. Usually, user goal-level use cases will be one-to-one with user goals, but there is at least one exception, as will be examined.

10. Name
Actors
An actor is anything with behavior, including the system under discussion.
3 kind of Actor:
Primary actor-> has user goals fulfilled through using services of the system under discussion.
Supporting actor-> provides a service to the system under discussion.
Offstage actor -> has an interest in the behavior of the use case, but is not primary or supporting

11. Using Use Case Diagrams
Use case diagrams are used to visualize, specify, construct, and document the (intended) behavior of the system, during requirements capture and analysis.
Provide a way for developers, domain experts and end-users to Communicate.
Use case diagrams contain use cases, actors, and their relationships.

12. Elements of Use Case Diagram:
2-Actor
3-Relationships
Between use cases
Generalization
Include
Extend
Between Actors
Between use cases and actors

13. Use Case
Do something
System function (process – automated or manual). Named by verb.
Each Actor must be linked to a use case,
while some use cases may not be linked to actors.
= Use Case

14. Relationship Relationship can be: Between usecases Between Actors
Between usecases and actors.

15. 3.1 Relationships between Use Cases
1. Generalization - use cases that are specialized versions of other use cases.
2. Include - use cases that are included as parts of other use cases. Contain the functionality of another use case as part of their normal processing.
3. Extend - use cases that extend the behavior of other core use cases. Enable to factor variants.

16. 1. Generalization The child use case inherits the
behavior and meaning of the
parent use case.
The child may add to or
override the behavior of its parent.
parent
child

17. More about Generalization
registration
graduate
non-graduate

18. Generalization Example
The actor Order Registry Clerk can instantiate the general use case Place Order. Place Order can also be specialized by the use cases Phone Order or Internet Order.

19. Generalization Example

20. 2. Include
base
included
<<include>>
The base use case explicitly incorporates the behavior of another use case at a location specified in the base.
The included use case never stands alone. It only occurs as a part of some larger base that includes it.

21. More about Include
Enables to avoid describing the same flow of events several times by putting the common behavior in a use case of its own.
updating
grades
output
generating
verifying
student id
<<include>>
ניתוח מערכות מידע

22. Include relationship
Include relationship – a standard case linked to a mandatory use case.
Example: to Authorize Car Loan (standard use case),
a clerk must run Check Client’s Credit History (include use case).
The standard UC includes the mandatory UC (use the verb
to figure direction arrow).
Standard use case can NOT execute without the include case  tight coupling .
Note: Visio calls this “uses” relationship.

23. Reading use case diagram with Include relationship

24. Include Example

25. 3. Extend
base
extending
<<extend>>
The base use case implicitly incorporates the behavior of another use case at certain points called extension points.
The base use case may stand alone, but under certain conditions its behavior may be extended by the behavior of another use case.

26. More about Extend
Enables to model optional behavior or branching under conditions.
Exam copy request
Exam-grade appeal
<<extend>>

27. Extend relationship Extend relationship – linking an optional use case
to a standard use case.
Example: Register Course (standard use case) may have
Register for Special Class (extend use case) – class for
non-standard students, in unusual time, with special
topics, requiring extra fees…).
The optional UC extends the standard UC
Standard use case can execute without the extend case
 loose coupling.

28. Extend Example

29. 3.2 Relationships between Actors
Generalization.
student
non-graduate
graduate

30. 3.3 Relationships between Use Cases and Actors
Actors may be connected to use cases by associations, indicating that the actor and the use case communicate with one another using messages.
updating
grades
faculty

31. Example place phone call cellular network user receive conference call
additional call
use
scheduler
<<extend>>
Cellular Telephone

32. A More Complicate Example

33. Each use case may include all or part of the following:
Title or Reference Name - meaningful name of the UC
Author/Date - the author of the UC and its creation date
Modification/Date - last modification to the UC and its date
Purpose - specifies the goal to be achieved by the UC
Overview - short description of the use cases processes
Cross References - requirements references
Actors - agents which initiate or participate in the UC
Pre Conditions - must be true to allow the execution of the UC
Post Conditions - will be set when the use use completes its execution normally
Normal flow of events - regular flow of activities of the UC
Alternative flow of events - other flow of activities of the UC
Exceptional flow of events - unusual situations
Implementation issues - possible foreseen problems in the implementation of the UC
Use Case Description
Each use case may include all or part of the following:
Title or Reference Name - meaningful name of the UC
Author/Date - the author and creation date
Modification/Date - last modification and its date
Purpose - specifies the goal to be achieved
Overview - short description of the processes
Cross References - requirements references
Actors - agents participating
Pre Conditions - must be true to allow execution
Post Conditions - will be set when completes normally
Normal flow of events - regular flow of activities
Alternative flow of events - other flow of activities
Exceptional flow of events - unusual situations
Implementation issues - foreseen implementation problems

34. example

35. Example- Money Withdraw
Use Case: Withdraw Money
Author: ZB
Date: 1-OCT-2004
Purpose: To withdraw some cash from user’s bank account
Overview: The use case starts when the customer inserts his credit card into the system. The system requests the user PIN. The system validates the PIN. If the validation succeeded, the customer can choose the withdraw operation else alternative 1 – validation failure is executed. The customer enters the amount of cash to withdraw. The system checks the amount of cash in the user account, its credit limit. If the withdraw amount in the range between the current amount + credit limit the system dispense the cash and prints a withdraw receipt, else alternative 2 – amount exceeded is executed.
Cross References: R1.1, R1.2, R7

36. Example- Money Withdraw (cont.)
Actors: Customer
Pre Condition:
The ATM must be in a state ready to accept transactions
The ATM must have at least some cash on hand that it can dispense
The ATM must have enough paper to print a receipt for at least one transaction
Post Condition:
The current amount of cash in the user account is the amount before the withdraw minus the withdraw amount
A receipt was printed on the withdraw amount
The withdraw transaction was audit in the System log file

37. Example- Money Withdraw (cont.)
Typical Course of events:
Actor Actions
System Actions
1. Begins when a Customer arrives at ATM
2. Customer inserts a Credit card into ATM
3. System verifies the customer ID and status
5. Customer chooses “Withdraw” operation
4. System asks for an operation type
7. Customer enters the cash amount
6. System asks for the withdraw amount
8. System checks if withdraw amount is legal
9. System dispenses the cash
10. System deduces the withdraw amount from account
11. System prints a receipt
13. Customer takes the cash and the receipt
12. System ejects the cash card

38. Example- Money Withdraw (cont.)
Alternative flow of events:
Step 3: Customer authorization failed. Display an error message, cancel the transaction and eject the card.
Step 8: Customer has insufficient funds in its account. Display an error message, and go to step 6.
Step 8: Customer exceeds its legal amount. Display an error message, and go to step 6.
Exceptional flow of events:
Power failure in the process of the transaction before step 9, cancel the transaction and eject the card

39. Example- Money Withdraw (cont.)
One method to identify use cases is actor-based:
- Identify the actors related to a system or organization.
- For each actor, identify the processes they initiate or participate in.
A second method to identify use cases is event-based:
- Identify the external events that a system must respond to.
- Relate the events to actors and use cases.
The following questions may be used to help identify the use cases for a system:
What are tasks of each actor ?
Will any actor create, store, change, remove, or read information in the system ?
What use cases will create, store, change, remove, or read this information ?
Will any actor need to inform the system about sudden, external changes ?
Does any actor need to be informed about certain occurrences in the system ?
Can all functional requirements be performed by the use cases ?

40. אפיון וניתוח מערכות מידע - הרצאה 4
Moving on
The “things” that “live” inside the system are responsible for carrying out the behavior the actors on the outside expect the system to provide.
To implement a use case, we create a society of classes that work together to carry out the behavior of the use case.

41. How to create use case diagram
1. List main system functions (use cases) in a column:
think of business events demanding system’s response
users’ goals/needs to be accomplished via the system
Create, Read, Update, Delete (CRUD) data tasks
2. Draw ovals around the function labels
3. Draw system boundary
4. Draw actors and connect them with use cases (if more intuitive, this can be done as step 2)
5. Specify include and extend relationships between use cases

42. Elements of use case diagram Summary
Connection between Actor and Use Case
Boundary of system
<<include>>
Include relationship between Use Cases (one UC must
call another; e.g., Login UC includes User Authentication UC)
<<extend>>
Extend relationship between Use Cases (one UC calls
Another under certain condition; think of if-then decision points)

43. Elements of use case diagram Summary
name
Use case , starts with a verb
name
Actor can be human or other system

44. Extra reading

45. References