1. Gingival Tissue Management

2. Very often when caries extend subgingivally, preparation, isolation and restoration of the area becomes difficult. Also restorations placed here can impinge on gingival tissues. Gingival tissue is very sensitive to foreign materials. Proximity of restorations to gingiva can cause gingival inflammation, plaque retention and eventually periodontal disease. Since a sound periodontium is the foundation for good restorative treatment, it is necessary to manage the gingival tissues prior to the restoration. This also helps in achieving maximum possible properties of the restorative material and in ensuring longevity of the restoration

3. Gingival tissue management can be described as,
the procedure of temporary eversion or resection of gingiva away from the tooth surface or deepening of gingival sulcus to expose the cervical portion of tooth in order to have proper marginal finish to the restoration and for establishing a good cervical cavosurface margin for the tooth preparation or for recording the preparation accurately.
The procedure of exposing gingival finish lines of a tooth preparation may be termed as gingival displacement, gingival retraction or gingival tissue deflection

4. Indications: Caries/cavity margins extending subgingivally Control gingival hemorrhage or fluid flow Esthetics Enhancing retention Recording of preparation margins in impression Removal of gingival overgrowth

5. Methods of Gingival Tissue Management
Physicomechanical methods
Chemicomechanical methods
Chemical methods
Rotary curettage
Surgical methods
Electrosurgical methods

6. Physicomechanical methods:
- Mechanically displaces free gingiva apically & laterally away from
preparation margins
- Employed only when gingiva is healthy and have a definite zone of
attached gingiva apical to the free gingiva. Adequate bone support
with no signs of resorption shd be present.
- Provides minimal retraction
Various methods employed are: Rubber dam, rolled cotton or
synthetic cords, wedges etc

7. Rubber dam:
Heavy gauge rubber dam is used for adequate gingival displacement. For extra retraction, cervical clamp can be used.
Adv: Immediate results
Disadvantages: Full arch impressions are difficult with this
technique.

8. Wedges: Rolled Cotton Twills:
Used interproximally to depress gingiva. Care shd be taken not to insert it forcefully
Rolled Cotton Twills:
Cotton can be rolled and mechanically packed into gingival sulcus.
These twills can also be used by rolling it in fast setting ZOE. After
drying, it is placed in gingival sulcus.
It should remain in place for 48 hrs to be effective. Longer period can
cause loss of periodontal attachment.

9. Disadv: Time consuming, sharp margins can injure gingival tissues
Copper band:
A copper band is welded to form a tube corresponding to the size of prepared tooth. One end of the tube is trimmed to follow the profile of gingival finish line. After positioning & contouring the tube over the prepared tooth, it is filled with impression material. Impression material will displace gingiva exposing the finish line.
Disadv: Time consuming, sharp margins can injure gingival tissues

10. Can be made of cotton or synthetic fibers; may be braided or non
Retraction cords:
Can be made of cotton or synthetic fibers; may be braided or non
braided. Some cords have metallic or resin wire wrapped around them
to assure their compactness, immobility and non shredding.
Cords are available in sizes 000, 00, 0, 1, 2 and 3 and are colour coded.
They may be plain or impregnated with chemicals.

11. Plain cords can be mechanically forced gently into gingival sulcus
Plain cords can be mechanically forced gently into gingival sulcus. They not only aid in isolation against gingival fluid but also produce gingival deflection. Disadv: Can cause injury to gingival tissues and initiate bleeding

12. Chemicomechanical methods:
This is a method of combining a chemical with pressure packing.
Retraction cords, drawn cotton rolls or cotton pellets impregnated
with chemicals are used for stoppage of bleeding and seeping of
crevicular fluid.
Chemicals used can be of 3 types: Vasoconstrictors
Biologic fluid coagulants/Astringents
Surface layer tissue coagulants

13. Fluid coagulants Tissue coagulants Vasoconstrictors
Physiologically restricts blood flow by decreasing the size of capillaries thus decreasing hemorrhage, tissue fluid seepage and consequently the size of free gingiva
Eg: Racemic epinephrine and norepinephrine
Disadv: cannot be used in patients having CVS disease, hypertension, diabetes, hyperthyroidism
Fluid coagulants
Coagulates blood & tissue fluids locally creating a surface layer acts as a sealant against blood and crevicular fluid seepage
Eg: 100% Alum, 15-25% Aluminum chloride, 15.5% ferric sulfate, 15-25% tannic acid
Adv: Does not produce any systemic effects
Tissue coagulants
Coagulates surface layer of sulcular & free gingival epithelium as well as seeped fluids creating a temporary impermeable layer for underlying fluids
Eg: 8% Zinc chloride, silver nitrate
Disadv: Can cause ulceration, necrosis and changes in the contour and position of free gingiva. This can happen esp when used for excessive time, excessive amount and/or concentration

14. Due to its looseness, impregnated cotton rolls can be easily placed than cords. But the disadvantage is that part of the coagulated sealing layer on the sulcus wall may get incorporated within the cotton. When the cotton is removed, the coagulated membrane may get peeled off initiating bleeding and fluid seepage which may be vigorous than before. Cords may be supplied impregnated with the chemical or the chemical may be added before insertion of the cord or after insertion while the cord is in the sulcus.

15. Technique for placement of retraction cord
- The operating area shd be dried
- Select the appropriate sized cord. Measure the tooth diameter before cutting the cord.
Cord slightly longer than the length of the gingival margin shd be precut. Excess may lead to displacement of already packed portions.
- Cord can be dipped in 25% aluminum chloride (Hemodent lqd) in a dapen dish to control hemorrhage. Excess lqd is removed by squeezing the cord using cotton sponges

16. - The cord is packed with appropriate instruments called cord packers that are shaped like blunt hatchets or hoes, preferably with serrations. Cord packers are available in various sizes to accommodate different locations. - Start packing from the mesial surface of the tooth, going systematically to the other end making sure that the packed part is stable before packing the next part.

17. - During packing, gentle force is applied in a mesial and lateral direction so that the packed cord doesn’t get dislodged. Avoid applying apical pressure as it may harm the junctional epithelium It is emphasized that the cord is placed to widen the sulcus and not to depress soft tissue gingivally - When the free gingiva is thin and the sulcus is narrow, a cord of very narrow diameter is placed. When the gingival margin is deep, it is helpful to insert a second cord of same or larger diameter over the first to keep the sulcus from narrowing at the gingival crest. - Avoid putting the ends of the cord interproximally . The ideal location is at the axial angles of the tooth where interdental col has maximum height for better gripping and stabilization of the cord

18. - Hemorrhage or seepage during insertion of the cord can be controlled if an assistant repeatedly touches the cord with dry cotton or dries the area with a gentle steam of air. If there is excessive bleeding a cotton pellet dipped in aluminum chloride is pressed on the tissue for 5 min before reinserting the cord. - The cord shd remain in place for at least 5 min. If hemorrhage or excessive tissue is present, a minimum of 10 min is recommended. - The region must remain dry during this period and the patient shd be cautioned not to close the mouth or allow the tongue to stray on the teeth. - Removal of the packed material shd be done gently & in a hydrous field so that the moisture will act as a lubricant between the cord and the sealing film. Disturbing this film can initiate bleeding.

19. - Inspect the region. After proper retraction, the soft tissue shd be standing away from the tooth, clearly exposing the gingival margin. Any corrections in the gingival aspect of the cavity preparation/ tooth preparation can be done now. Re inserting after this step which will be easy and rapid

20. Chemical methods:
- This is one of the oldest method used for retraction of gingiva.
- Caustic chemicals like sulfuric acid, trichloracetic acid, negatol( combination
of metacresol sulfonic acid & formaldehyde) etc are used to chemically
cauterize gingival tissues.
Method:
Blade of a plastic instrument is dipped in the chemical & placed in the
gingival margin for 1 min after which it is washed off.
It is used where minimum retraction is reqd with control of blood &fluid flow
such as during Class V restorations
Disadv: Due to their caustic nature and potential for soft tissue injury, except for
trichloracetic acid, chemicals are seldom used now

21. Rotary curettage/Gingittage/Denttage
- This is a troughing technique wherein a portion of the epithelium within the sulcus is removed with high speed handpiece and chamfer diamond bur during placement of restorative margins subgingivally
Disadv: This technique offers poor tactile sensation
Uncontrolled procedure
Can potentially damage periodontium
Excessive bleeding

22. Surgical method:
- This involves surgical excision of interfering gingival tissue using sharp surgical
knife
- Used when interfering gingiva has to be removed in case of gingival
hypertrophy or extensive tooth fracture extending subgingivally
- Temporary restoration is given for 2 wks. Permanent restoration is done after
the wound heals during which one of the suitable displacement methods can
be adopted

23. Electrosurgical method:
- Also called surgical diathermy
- Used esp to manage hypertrophic gingiva that doesn’t respond to
conservative periodontal treatment
Principle:
Uses high frequency alternating current concentrated at tiny electrodes to
produce localized changes within tissues which is confined to 2-3 cell layers
4 actions can be produced at the electrode end;
Cutting, Coagulation, Fulgeration, Dessication

24. Cutting:
is done precisely using minimum energy. Minimum tissue involved. It doesn’t
induce any bleeding
Coagulation:
Thermal energy causes coagulation of tissues ,their fluids and oozed out blood
Fulgeration & Desiccation involves deeper and larger areas and causes carbonization
For gingival tissue retraction, cutting and rarely coagulation action is used

25. Adv: Rapid atraumatic cutting action
Sterilizes wound immediately
Heals by primary intention without pain, swelling or scarring

26. Recent techniques: - Lasers - Dilation of gingival sulcus
- Stay - put retraction cord

27. Retraction by dilation of gingival sulcus
Laser:
Nd- YAG lasers are recommended for gingival tissue retraction and excision.
Works by photoablation mechanism
Adv: Controlled, painless and bloodless tissue removal
Rapid healing
Disadv: Slow technique
Expensive
Retraction by dilation of gingival sulcus
Several methods are available for achieving gingival retraction through dilation of gingival sulcus
Eg: Expasyl, Magic foam, GingiTrac, Merocel strips etc

28. Magic foam
Magic foam consists of expanding polyvinylsiloxane material designed for easy and fast retraction of the sulcus without the potentially traumatic and time consuming packing of retraction cord.
It is a non haemostatic cordless retraction system and consists of foam and cartridges, mixing and intraoral tips, comprecaps (3 sizes)

29. Technique of application of Magic foam
- Select Comprecap as per the anatomy of tooth.
- Apply Magic FoamCord around the preparation by syringing.
- An application in the sulcus is only necessary where there is a deep sub-gingival
preparation margin

30. - Place Comprecap over preparation
- Place Comprecap over preparation. And the patient’s is ask to bite down for
3 -5 minutes.
This procedure makes optimal use of the formation of foam (i.e., the expansive effect of the silicone foam). Due to the counter pressure of the Comprecap, the expansion of the Magic FoamCord occurs in the sulcus.
- After proper setting, remove the Comprecap Anatomic and Magic Foam Cord
in one piece.

31. Adv: Non-traumatic, conservative method of temporary gingival retraction Better patient comfort Easy and fast application Disadv: Hemostasis cannot be achieved. Relatively expensive compared to cord. No improvement in speed or quality of retraction compared with cord Less affective in subgingival margins

32. Expasyl:
This is a paste that contains aluminum chloride and kaolin. It has a specially formulated consistency which exerts moderated calculated pressure on gingiva
- Has both mechanical and chemical action. It creates and maintains space in the sulcus due to optimal characteristics of its viscosity which is mainly due to its kaolin component. It achieve hemostasis due to aluminum chloride. Time taken for retraction is 2 minutes and sulcus widening achieved is 0.5mm

33. Adv: Physically displaces tissue for good marginal access Minimal time and force needed compared with packing cord. Safe minimal pressure required and no danger of rupturing epithelial attachment. Disadv: Expensive Is effective only under specific, limited conditions. The paste's thickness made it difficult for some evaluators to express it into the sulcus. Disposable metal dispenser tips are too large, making it difficult to express Expasyl into the interproximal sulcus

34. GingiTrac Merocel Strip
It is a mild natural astringent in gel form.
Utilizes patient’s bite pressure to push material into sulcus and retract gingiva.
Merocel Strip
A synthetic material that is specifically chemically extracted from a biocompatible polymer (hydroxylate polyvinyl acetate)
Merocel Strip expands by absorption of oral fluids and exerts pressure on surrounding tissue

35. Stay put retraction cord:
Fine metal filament reinforced displacement cord. It is a unique combination of softly braided retraction cord and ultra fine copper filaments.
May be Impregnated/ Non-impregnated.
When the stay – put cord is shaped, it remains in shape and does not deform
Adv: Can be easily adapted.
Can be preformed
Does not lift in the sulcus
Does not unravel.
Can be impregnated with an astringent or haemostatic solution as required

36. Atraumatic gingival tissue management provides greater patient comfort
Atraumatic gingival tissue management provides greater patient comfort. During restorative procedures, it is incumbent upon clinicians to consider the advantages and limitations of each method in individual case and patient, and to strive for minimally invasive methods that optimize the procedural site for impression making and restoration placement.