2. Chapter 2: Analysis of Graphs of Functions
2.1 Graphs of Basic Functions and Relations; Symmetry
2.2 Vertical and Horizontal Shifts of Graphs
2.3 Stretching, Shrinking, and Reflecting Graphs
2.4 Absolute Value Functions
2.5 Piecewise-Defined Functions
2.6 Operations and Composition

3. 2.3 Vertical Stretching Vertical Stretching of the Graph of a Function
If a point lies on the graph of then the point lies on the graph of If then the graph of is a vertical stretching of the graph of by applying a factor of c.

4. 2.3 Vertical Shrinking Vertical Shrinking of the Graph of a Function
If a point lies on the graph of then the point lies on the graph of If then the graph of is a vertical shrinking of the graph of by applying a factor of c.

5. 2.3 Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking
Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking of the Graph of a Function
If a point lies on the graph of then the point lies on the graph of
If then the graph of is a horizontal stretching of the graph of
(b) If then the graph of is a horizontal shrinking of the graph of

6. 2.3 Reflecting Across an Axis
Reflecting the Graph of a Function Across an Axis
For a function defined by the following are true.
(a) the graph of is a reflection of the graph of f across the x-axis.
(b) the graph of is a reflection of the graph of f across the y-axis.

7. 2.3 Example of Reflection Given the graph of sketch the graph of
(a) (b)
Solution
(a) (b)

8. 2.3 Combining Transformations of Graphs
Example
Describe how the graph of can be obtained by transforming the graph of Sketch its graph.
Solution
Since the basic graph is the vertex of the parabola is shifted right 4 units. Since the coefficient of is –3, the graph is stretched vertically by a factor of 3 and then reflected across the x-axis. The constant +5 indicates the vertex shifts up 5 units.
shift 4 units right
shift 5 units up
vertical stretch by a factor of 3
reflect across the x-axis

9. Graphs:

10. 2.3 Caution in Translations of Graphs
The order in which transformations are made can be important. Changing the order of a stretch and shift can result in a different equation and graph.
For example, the graph of is obtained by first stretching the graph of by a factor of 2, and then translating 3 units upward.
The graph of is obtained by first translating horizontally 3 units to the left, and then stretching by a factor of 2.

11. 2.3 Transformations on a Calculator- Generated Graph
Example
The figures show two views of the graph and another graph illustrating a combination of transformations. Find the equation of the transformed graph.
Solution
The first view indicates the lowest point is (3,–2), a shift 3 units to the right and 2 units down. The second view shows the point (4,1) on the graph of the transformation. Thus, the slope of the ray is
Thus, the equation of the transformed graph is
First View
Second View