2. Process Theories

3. Vroom’s Valence Expectancy Theory
People will work hard if they expect their effort to lead to reward.
Importance of outcome determines its strength as a motivator .
Motivation= Expectancy X Instrumentality X Valence

4. Source: https://www. businesstopia

5. Effort Expectancy Instrumentality Valence of reward Performance Reward
MOTIVATION
Role perceptions
and opportunities
Abilities
and traits
JOB
PERFORMANCE X 5

6. Goal-Setting Theory (Edwin Locke)
Our primary motivation on the job is defined in terms of our desire to achieve a particular goal:
Research shows that having goals leads to better performance than not having goals.
Specific goals are more motivating than general.
Moderately difficult goals are most motivating.
Source:

7. Effects of Goal Setting
100
Goal
level 94 90
Performance at the goal level
was sustained seven years after
the goal was first set 80 70
Percentage of Maximum Weight
Carried on Each Trip
There was a dramatic
improvement in per-
formance after a goal
was set 60 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Seven
Years Later
Before goal
After Goal
Four-Week Periods 7

8. Other Theories

9. Theories based on Reward and Punishment

10. Carrot and Stick Approach

11. Reinforcement Theory
Individual’s behaviour is a function of its consequences.
Behaviour that has positive outcomes, tend to be repeated. Whereas, behaviour that has negative outcomes, tend not to be repeated.
So behaviour can be modified by providing or controlling consequences.

12. Theory based on Personality Traits

13. Theory X and Theory Y (Douglas McGregor)
Theory X assumptions:
Inherent dislike for work
Prefer to be directed by others
Avoid responsibility
Lack creativity and resist change
Focus on lower level needs (Physiological and Safety needs) to motivate workers
Close supervision required to achieve organizational goals.
Theory Y assumptions:
Work is natural like rest and play
Capable of directing their own behaviour
Accept and seek responsibility
Creative
Both lower level and higher level needs are source of motivation
Self direction and self control

14. Theory X Vs Theory Y
Source:

15. Thank You