1. MANTEIA DIVINATION

2. If the gods exist but do not reveal to men the future, either (a) they do not love men, or (b) they do not know what will happen, or (c) they consider it beneath their majesty to warn men about the future, or (d) even the gods are unable to warn us of what lies ahead. But (a) they certainly love us, for they mean well and are friendly to mankind; (b) they certainly know what they themselves have planned and established; it is definitely in our interest to know what will happen, for knowing it will make us more careful; (c) it is entirely consistent with their majesty, for nothing is more important to them than to do good deeds; and (d) of course they are able to predict the future. —Cicero, On Divination

3. Types of Divination
inspired (possession) manteia inductive (technological)

4. Divination
• intersection of emanationism, sympathia, Doctrine of Signatures • universe rationally ordered and expressible as signs (sêmata) • natural world (weather, animals) as privileged bearer of signs • development of technologies of semiology • universe deterministic : illusion of “coincidence” in kledonomancy

5. The Stoics do not believe that a god is actually present in the dividing lines of livers or in the sounds that birds make, for this is unsuitable for gods, unworthy of them, and simply cannot be imagined. They believe that from the beginning the world was designed in such a way that certain events would follow certain signs — signs in lightning, in portents, in stars, in birds, in internal organs, in dream visions, in the utterances of madmen. Those who really understand these things do not often go wrong; bad guesses and bad interpretations are not because the facts mislead them but because the interpreters are incompetent.
—Cicero, On Divination

6. teratomancy augury haruspicy oneiromancy klêdonomancy
signs in lightning, in portents, in stars, in birds, in internal organs, in dream visions, in the utterances of madmen
teratomancy augury haruspicy oneiromancy klêdonomancy

7. Oneiromancy enupnion random traces of daily experience
derivative, mundane
oneiros
horama
_____________________________
allegorical/enigmatic
direct visitation by authority figure: dream admonitory and oracular
______________________
indirect meaning in need of interpretation
We call a dream oracular [horama] in which a parent or a pious or revered man or a priest or even a god clearly reveals what will or will not transpire, and what action to take or what to avoid.
—Macrobius (early 5th century CE), On the Dream of Scipio

8. Private Dream  Public Meaning
• immediate (private) dream experience • recollection of dream upon and after waking : secondary elaboration • later discussion of dream with others : tertiary elaboration • influence of cultural (narrative) templates on both secondary and tertiary elaboration • cultural templates embody interpretive frameworks

9. Aims in PGM AIM NUMBER/PERCENT Healing 109/21% Knowledge 102/20% Love
98/19%
Injury
61/12%
Miscellaneous
44/8.5%
Success
42/8.2%
Safety
22/4.3%
Invocation
Service
7/1.4%
Horoscopes and General Astrology
6/1.2%