1. Organic Chemistry
Core 3.2, 3.3, & Option C1

2. 3.2.1 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
Organic Chemistry
Organic –
Carbon is versatile because it can form many bonds allowing for vast array of organic molecules
Functional groups –

3. Monomers are broken apart by
3.2.5 Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides.
Organic molecules are synthesized by linking small organic molecule subunits ( ) together to form a long chain called a
Monomers are
Monomers are broken apart by

5. Carbohydrates Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CH2O)n
Important source of energy
Important structural support for single cells, plants, fungi, bacteria, and insects

6. Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
3.2.3 List three examples of each of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants.
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Composed of 3 to 7 carbon atoms – “circle up” into a ring when dissolved in water
Glucose
Important in animals because it is used in respiration to make ATP!
Body’s main source of energy
Other monosaccharides include

7. 3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure
Draw:

8. Write 

9. 3.2.3 List three examples of each of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants.
Disaccharides – two single sugars linked together by a condensation reaction
Examples:
Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

10. Polysaccharides – long chains of single sugars
3.2.3 List three examples of each of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants.
Polysaccharides – long chains of single sugars
Starch –
Glycogen –
Cellulose –
a. Highly insoluble
b. Bonds btw glucose units are β linkages instead
of α linkages
c. Animals cannot
digest cellulose

11. 3.2.6 State three functions of lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and may contain phosphorus and nitrogen – highly insoluble (hydrophobic)
Functions:

12. Oils, fats and waxes Contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Contain
3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure
Three types of lipids
Oils, fats and waxes
Contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Contain

13. Phospholipids Similar to oil except

14. Steroids Structurally different from other lipids Composed of

15. Both carbohydrates and lipids store energy
3.2.7 Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage.
Both carbohydrates and lipids store energy
The amount of energy stored and speed at which they are broken down differ
Lipids store
Lipids are

16. Proteins Molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids
C.1.4 State four functions of proteins, giving a named example of each.
Proteins
Molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids
Functions of proteins:
(skin, hair, nails, horns)
(muscles)
(antibodies)
(albumin in egg whites)
(hemoglobin to carry O2)
(neurotransmitters, protein hormones)

17. 3.2.2 Identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure
Building blocks of
20 different kinds – all have the same fundamental structure,
Draw:

18. R group gives each amino acid it’s distinctive properties (size, water solubility, electrical charge)
Cysteine has sulfur in it’s R group causing it to form bonds with other cysteines forming

19. Amino acids are linked together
3.2.5 Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides; between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides.
Amino acids are linked together
Polypeptides vary in length between 3 amino acids to thousands of amino acids!

20. Proteins have four levels of structure:
C.1.1 Explain the four levels of protein structure, indicating the significance of each level.
Proteins have four levels of structure:
Primary structure – (different proteins have different sequences)

21. Secondary structure – (α helix or β pleated sheet are common structures)

22. Tertiary structure – Caused by: Disulfide bridges between cysteines
Cellular environment – whether protein is dissolved in water of cytoplasm or in lipids of membrane (hydrophobic/hydrophilic interactions of amino acids)
Polar amino acids will orient themselves to watery environments
Non-polar amino acids will orient themselves away from water

23. Quaternary structure – (ex. Hemoglobin)

24. The shape of a protein allows it to perform it’s function
3.6.4 Define denaturation.
The shape of a protein allows it to perform it’s function
Exact type, position and number of amino acids with specific R groups determines both the structure (shape) of the protein and it’s biological function
If the shape is changed, the protein will NO LONGER function the same way

25. Denatured proteins – 3.6.4 Define denaturation. 1. Causes:
Extremes in temperature (over 60oC)
Extremes in pH
Excessive radiation
Electricity
Certain chemicals

26. Conjugated proteins
Proteins that have a – ex. Hemoglobin contains iron which alters the properties of the protein (increases affinity for O2)

27. Fibrous vs Globular Proteins
C.1.2 Outline the difference between fibrous and globular proteins, with reference to two examples of each protein type.
Fibrous vs Globular Proteins
Fibrous proteins –
Ex. Collagen (skin, bone and tendons) and keratin (hair, horns, nails)
Globular proteins –
Ex. enzymes, hormones, insulin

28. 3.3.1 Outline DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base and phosphate.
Nucleic Acids
Long chains of similar but not identical subunits called nucleic acids
Make up the hereditary information (genes)
Nucleotides have a three-part structure:

29. There are two types of nucleotides:
3.3.2 State the names of the four bases in DNA.
There are two types of nucleotides:
Ribose nucleotides (contain the sugar ribose)
bond to four types of nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and
Deoxyribose nucleotides (contain the sugar deoxyribose)
bond to adenine, guanine, cytosine, and

30. Nitrogen bases are divided into two groups
Purines – structure (adenine and guanine)
Pyrimidines – structure (thymine, cytosine, and uracil)

31. Nucleotides are strung together in long chains to form nucleic acids
3.3.3 Outline how DNA nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds into a single strand.
Nucleotides are strung together in long chains to form nucleic acids
This creates the “sugar-phosphate backbone”

32. Two types of Nucleic Acids:
3.3.4 Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonding
Two types of Nucleic Acids:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Double helix
Deoxyribose sugar
Contains A, C, T, and G (A-T, C-G)
Makes up chromosomes of all living things
Sequence of nucleotides spells out information to construct proteins
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Single helix
Ribose sugar
Contains A, C, U, and G (A-U, C-G)\
RNAs are copies of DNA – carries message to cell to direct synthesis of proteins

33. 3.3.4 Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complementary base pairing and hydrogen bonding
3.3.5 Draw and label a simple diagram of the molecular structure of DNA.
hydrogen bond
covalent bond
Phosphate
Sugar

34. Nucleotides have many functions – not all are part of nucleic acids
May exist singly or occur as parts of other molecules
Some act as intracellular messengers to carry information from cell membrane to other molecules in cell – ex. cyclic AMP
Some nucleotides have extra phosphates groups – ex. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Unstable molecules that carry energy from place to place – pick up energy where it is produced (cellular respiration) and give up energy to drive energy demanding reactions elsewhere
Certain nucleotides assist enzyme in their role of promoting chemical rxns – coenzymes – usually consist of a nucleotide combined with a vitamin