1. Chemistry of Life
What is Matter? Matter is made up of elements What is an Atom? -92 naturally-occurring elements -25 essential for life -Which are most common in humans?
Matter: anything that takes up space and has weight (Solid, liquid, gas)
All matter, living & nonliving, is made up of elements. Element: a pure substance made of one kind of atom. Atom: smallest particle that can do chemical reactions.

2. Periodic table—part of it
Periodic table—part of it. Blue indicates the elements that make up most of our body weight (98%).

3. Atoms Atomic Structure: at the center: orbiting the nucleus:
a dense nucleus comprised of two subatomic particles
protons (positive charge)
neutrons (no charge)
orbiting the nucleus:
electrons (negative charge)
All atoms have the same basic structure

4. Organic Molecules Made by living things contain carbon and hydrogen
have covalent bonds
All organic molecules have carbon and hydrogen

5. Organic Molecules Large organic molecules are macromolecules
They are polymers made up of monomers
Four types of macromolecules:
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids

6. Table 4.1

7. Proteins Proteins are polymers of monomer subunits called amino acids
the covalent bond linking two amino acids together is called a peptide bond
the assembled polymer is called a polypeptide

8. Proteins Protein structure is complex
There are 20 different amino acids
the order the amino acids are placed in is important
the sequence of the amino acids affects how the protein folds together
the way that a polypeptide folds to form the protein determines the protein’s function

9. Proteins There are four general levels of protein structure: Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

10. Proteins
Primary structure – the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
This determines all other levels of protein structure

11. Proteins
Secondary structure forms because regions of the polypeptide begin to fold and/or spiral together.
The polypeptide forms into coils, helices, or sheets

12. Proteins Tertiary structure – the final 3-D shape of the protein
more twisting and folding
Disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, etc.

13. Proteins
Quaternary structure – some proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide chain
Hemoglobin is an example.

14. Protein Functions Structure muscle function
enzymes—make chemical reactions happen
transport
antibodies
hormones

15. Proteins The shape of a protein affects its function
changes to the environment of the protein may cause it to unfold or denature
a denatured protein is inactive

16. Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids—very long polymers that store information
Made of monomers called nucleotides
Each nucleotide has 3 parts:
a five-carbon sugar
a phosphate group
an organic nitrogen-containing base

17. Nucleic Acids Two types of nucleic acids: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
This is DNA

18. Nucleic Acids The structure of DNA is a double helix
Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G)
hydrogen bonds hold each base pair together
a sugar-phosphate backbone gives support

19. Carbohydrates
a carbohydrate is any molecule that contains the elements C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
the sizes of carbohydrates varies
simple carbohydrates – consist of one or two monomers
complex carbohydrates – are long polymers

20. Carbohydrates Uses of Carbohydrates energy
energy storage (starch, glycogen)
structural
cell recognition

21. Carbohydrates Simple carbohydrates are small
Monosaccharides—one monomer subunit
glucose (C6H12O6)
Disaccharides—two monosaccharides
Sucrose is formed by joining together two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose

22. Carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates are long polymer chains— polysaccharides
contain many C-H bonds
good for storing energy
Left: STARCH Right: GLYCOGEN
Plants and animals store energy in polysaccharide chains formed from glucose
plants make starch
animals make glycogen

23. Carbohydrates Some polysaccharides are structural:
plants make cellulose cell walls
some animals make chitin for exoskeletons

24. Lipids Uses of lipids: long-term energy storage
Lipids – fats, oils—not usually soluble in water
lipids are usually nonpolar molecules
Uses of lipids:
long-term energy storage
Membranes
Hormones
insulation
Fats, oils, steroids, waxes

25. Phospholipids form cell membranes
Phospholipid structure--One end hydrophilic, other end hydrophobic.
Membrane—phospholipid BILAYER

26. THE END