1. What do nappies and bonding have in common?

2. Covalent Bonding

3. Covalent Bonding
In a covalent bond the electrons occupies the space between the atoms.
Remember:-
The negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positive charged of both atoms nuclei.
This attractions overcomes the repulsion between the two positive charged nuclei.
The resulting attraction is the covalent bond that hold the two atoms together.

5. Single Covalent Bonding
Hydrogen H2, is formed from two H atoms:-
Each H atom has one electron in its outer shell.
Each donates one electron.
The covalent bond can be written as a line H-H.
A covalent bond is directional, acting between the two atoms involved. Remember ionic bond act in all directions.

6. Single Covalent Bonding
Further example are shown below:-

7. Single Covalent Bonding
You need to know about covalent bonding in the following elements;- H,O,N and C.
Remember
C= 4 bonds
N = 3 bonds
O = 2 bonds
H = 1 bond

8. Lone Pairs – VERY IMPORTANT!
When a pair of electrons is not used for bonding it is called a lone pair.
Can you spot them on the digrams below?
A lone pair give a concentred region of negative charge around the atom and can alter the chemistry of the molecule is various way (will discuss later).