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The High Tide of Imperialism
20 The High Tide of Imperialism
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Colonial Southeast Asia, c. 1850
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
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The Spread of Colonial Rule
Africa and Asia a source of raw materials and markets for European manufactured goods Motives for expansion: Economic National grandeur Moral purposes No longer happy to deal with independent states; maintaining access important Competition for control over territories “Opportunity in the Orient”: Colonial Takeover in Southeast Asia Malay Peninsula Singapore Burma Vietnam Philippines
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Africa Before World War I
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
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Empire Building in Africa
The Growing European Presence in West Africa Slave trade Abolished by all major countries in the world by 1880s “Legitimate trade” More permanent presence Gold Coast and Sierra Leone Liberia New class of Africans “Informal Empire” Imperialist Shadow over the Nile Napoleon Muhammad Ali Suez Canal, Sudan Algiers Arab Merchants and European Missionaries in East Africa Bantus, Boers, and British in South Africa
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The Scramble for Africa
European rivalries Trade Missionary factor Superiority in firearms Belgium’s claim on the Congo Conference of Berlin, 1884 Britain and France at Fashoda; France backs down Cape Colony Boer War,
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The Struggle for South Africa
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
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The Colonial System Resistance from societies with long traditions of national cohesion Direct and indirect rule Philosophy of colonialism Darwinism Survival of the fittest Agent of civilization Bring the benefits of the West Assimilation/association
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Colonialism in Action India Under the British Raj
Some territories taken over directly by the East India Company and later the British crown Others ruled by local maharajas and rajas Order and stability Attention to education Thomas Babington Macaulay Outlaw sati Introduced railroads, the telegraph, and postal service British textiles put out of work those in the Indian textile industry Zamindar system Failed to bring benefits of modern science and technology Psychological effects
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India Under British Rule, 1805-1931
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
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Gateway to India?
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The Company Resident and His Puppet
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Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia
Primary aim was economic Indirect rule Burma Malaya Indochina Slow to create democratic institutions Slow to adopt educational reforms Reluctant to take up “white man’s burden” Slow economic development Some manufacturing in urban areas Problems with growth of cash crops Problems of population growth “Modernizing elite”
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Colonialism in Africa British attitude was to preserve African political traditions Advantages of indirect rule East Africa White settlers Southern Africa Independent Union of South Africa Representative government France used direct rule Assimilation of Africans into French culture Moral and social responsibility Racial consciousness
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The Emergence of Anti-Colonialism
Nationalism Imperialism brought a consciousness of modern nationhood Introduction of western ideas of citizenship and representative government New elite Traditional Resistance: A Precursor to Nationalism Led by existing ruling class Resistance in India Peasant revolts Religious resentment India -- Sepoy Rebellion
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Discussion Questions What sparked the Scramble for Africa? What did Europeans hope to gain from the colonization of Africa? What benefits to Indians resulted from British rule of India? What costs balanced those benefits? Compare and contrast the British and French approach to colonialism. How did subject peoples respond to colonialism? How did their response change over time?
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