1. The Solar System-Test 1 Chapter 19, 20, & 21
Please write down all the underlined items. Abbreviate to save time.
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A. What is Astronomy?
1. Astronomy is the study of the universe.
This includes planets, stars, galaxies, black holes, moons, meteors, comets, asteroids and all of the matter that exists in space.
2. Astronomers are scientists who observe & study space.
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B. Modern Calendar
Our modern calendar is based on the observations of bodies in our solar system.
2. A year is the time it takes for the Earth to orbit the sun; year = revolution.
3. A month is the time it takes for the moon to orbit the Earth.
4. A day is the time it takes for the Earth to rotate once on its axis; day = rotation.
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5. The Size and Scale of our Universe
It is important to consider scale when we think about the universe.
Stars appear to be very small when viewed from Earth, but they are actually very large, some, like our sun, are bigger than Earth.
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6. The Scale of our Solar System
Earth
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Scale of the Universe
SUN
Mercury
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Our Galaxy and Scale
Our Milky Way galaxy is huge.
Let's now pretend that our galaxy is a kid's sandbox, and our sun is a grain of sand in a sandbox.
The Earth is a dust speck near the grain of sand, too small to be seen without a microscope.
If our sun were a grain of sand in this sandbox representing the Milky Way galaxy, the sandbox would be somewhat oval and yet flat, and would be about 20 feet in diameter.
The sand would be about 12 inches thick in the center, and thinner towards the edges.
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C. THE MILKY WAY GALAXY: Spiral Galaxy
Each swirling object you see is a galaxy in our universe.
1. We can estimate that there are about 100 billion stars in our galaxy.
2. Andromeda is the nearest major galaxy to our own Milky Way Galaxy.
3. Most scientists believe that Andromeda is about 2 million light years away from the Milky Way.
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D. Milky Way Galaxy: home to our solar system. Each point of light in the galaxy is a star.
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11. Pg 7: Distance in Space D. Distance in Space
Distance in space—mainly distance outside of our solar system—is measured in light years.
Example: distance to another star; which is a very, very, large distance
A light year is the distance light travels in a year, 5.88 trillion miles. IT IS NOT TIME!!!
3. Light travels at 186,000 miles per second.
4. If light from a star takes 15 years to reach us, the star is 15 light years away.
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E. An Astronomical Unit
1. The distance from the Sun to the Earth is 93 million miles.
2. 93 million miles = 1 astronomical unit
3. This is the unit of measurement for distances between planets in our solar system
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13. Astronomical Unit (AU) for the planets- 1AU = 93,000,000 miles
Average Distance from the Sun (measured in AU)
Mercury
0.39
Venus
0.723
Earth
1.0
Mars
1.524
Jupiter
5.203
Saturn
9.539
Uranus
19.18
Neptune
30.06
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14. F. The Sun: The STAR at the Center of Our Solar System
1. Wider than 100 Earths
2. 10,000 °F on surface & 27,000,000 °F in its core
3. less bright & massive than the very largest stars
4. Our sun is a medium sized star.
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15. G.Size in the Universe- Largest to smallest
Galaxy
Solar system
Star
Planet
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16. Quiz
1. How long does it take for the Earth to revolve around the sun one time?
A. 245 days B. 445 days C. 365 days
2. What is the name of our galaxy?
A. Milky Way B. Andromeda
3. 93 million miles =
A. 1 light year B. 1 astronomical unit
trillion miles=
A.1 light year B. 1 astronomical unit
5. How long is Earth’s rotation?
A. 1 day B. 1 month C. 1 year
6. What is at the center of our solar system?
7. What would we use to measure distances between stars in a galaxy?
8. What would we use to measure distances between planets in our solar system?
9. What do we call the study of the universe?
10. What do we call people who study and observe space?

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The Inner Planets
Space Videos
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The Inner Planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
5. The inner planets have fewer moons than the outer planets. Less mass = fewer moons.
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19. The Inner Planets’ Orbits
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Page 11 Inner Planets
1. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
2. Small and dense
3. Rocky
4. Terrestrial (Earth-like)
5. Low mass
6. 3 moons for all 4 planets
7. Low mass=few moons
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Pg 13 Mercury- Low Mass
No moons, Resembles our moon, Covered in craters
No rings
Smallest planet, Closest to the sun
Big, grey rock made of iron
fastest revolution in the solar system, 88 days
Temperature variations most extreme in the solar system, 750 ° F to -328°F
No atmosphere
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Mercury
In Roman mythology Mercury is the god of commerce, travel and thievery, the Roman counterpart of the Greek god Hermes, the messenger of the Gods. The planet probably received this name because it moves so quickly across the sky.
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15 Venus- Low Mass
Earth’s twin
2nd planet from the Sun
Brightest planet
No moons, no rings
Thick yellow clouds of acid
Dense nickel & iron planet w/a molten core
covered by many shield volcanoes
Hottest planet in solar system at 860°F due to its thick atmosphere
Atmosphere made of carbon dioxide (90%) & sulfuric acid, which creates a monstrous greenhouse effect.
Revolution: 243 days
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Venus
Venus (Greek: Aphrodite; Babylonian: Ishtar) is the goddess of love and beauty. The planet is so named probably because it is the brightest of the planets known to the ancients. (With a few exceptions, the surface features on Venus are named for female figures.)
Venus has been known since prehistoric times. It is the brightest object in the sky except for the Sun and the Moon.
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17. Earth- low mass
Third planet from the Sun
made completely of rock; core made of iron & nickel;
1 moon—Luna
NO rings
Densest planet
has water in all 3 states of matter (solid, liquid,& gas)
Revolution 365 days.
Only planet to sustain life.
93 million miles form the Sun-1 AU
Atmosphere allows for life to exist
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26. E. Earth’s Moon: Luna (384,400 km from Earth)
Called Luna by the Romans, Selene and Artemis by the Greeks, and many other names in other mythologies.
The Moon, of course, has been known since prehistoric times. It is the second brightest object in the sky after the Sun. As the Moon orbits around the Earth once per month, the angle between the Earth, the Moon and the Sun changes; we see this as the cycle of the Moon's phases. The time between successive new moons is 29.5 days (709 hours).
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19. Mars- Low Mass
The Red Planet – due to iron oxide
Has 2 volcanoes—Tharsis (8,000 km wide) & Olympus Mons—an extinct shield volcano the largest volcano in the solar system
3. Temperature ranges: -125 degrees-23 degrees F
4. 2 moons: Phobos & Deimos (mean fear & panic)
5. Revolution: 1 year 322 days (687 days)
6. No Rings- borders the asteroid belt
7. No protective atmosphere
8. Has frozen water
9. Covered in craters
10. No life found on Mars
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Phobos
Phobos ("FOH bus") is the larger and innermost of Mars' two moons. Phobos is Greek for “fear.”Phobos is closer to its primary than any other moon in the solar system, less than 6000 km above the surface of Mars. It is also one of the smallest moons in the solar system.
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Deimos
Deimos ("DEE mos") is the smaller and outermost of Mars' two moons. It is one of the smallest known moons in the solar system.
In Greek mythology, Deimos is one of the sons of Ares (Mars) and Aphrodite (Venus); "deimos" is Greek for "panic".
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Mars
Mars (Greek: Ares) is the god of War. The planet probably got this name due to its red color; Mars is sometimes referred to as the Red Planet. (An interesting side note: the Roman god Mars was a god of agriculture before becoming associated with the Greek Ares; those in favor of colonizing and terraforming Mars may prefer this symbolism.) The name of the month March derives from Mars.
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31. Mars—Home to the largest volcano in the solar system
Olympus Mons is the largest volcano on Mars. This shield volcano, similar to volcanoes in Hawaii, measures 624 km (374 mi) in diameter by 25 km (16 mi) high. It is 100 times larger than Mauna Loa on Earth. Located on the Tharsis Plateau near the equator, Olympus Mons is bordered by an escarpment. The caldera in the center is 80 km (50 mi) wide and contains multiple circular, overlapping collapse craters created by different volcanic events. The radial features on the slopes of the volcano were formed by overflowing lava and debris.
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32. Quiz Inner Planets 1. Earth’s twin______________
2. Looks like our moon______________
3. Red Planet_____________________
4. Water in all 3 states________________
5. 1 moon, Luna__________________
6. Hottest planet_____________________
7. 2 moons, Phobos and Diemos_________________
8. Closest to the Sun__________________
9. Largest volcano in the solar system_______________
10. Massive greenhouse effect___________________
11. Only planet to sustain life____________________
12. Smallest planet__________________
13. Greatest temperature difference, hot and cold________________
14. Revolution is 365 days___________________
15. Fastest revolution around the sun___________________

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The Outer Planets
The Gas Giants
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34. The Outer Planets: The Gas Giants
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, & Neptune
All large planets
All are made of gas. They are not solids like the inner planets.
All have rings. Some are barely visible unlike Saturn’s rings.
Most moons- more than than inner planets
Gas Giants
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Distances of the Outer Planets from the Sun in Astronomical Units (150 million km = 1 AU)
Jupiter
5.203 AU
Saturn
9.539 AU
Uranus
19.18 AU
Neptune
30.06 AU
Pluto
39 AU
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B. Jupiter- high mass
The largest planet in our solar system (318 times as large as Earth)
Borders the asteroid belt.
483 million miles from the Sun
Made mainly of hydrogen & helium
Cold planet
Great Red Spot (1.5X the size of the Earth) is a storm system similar to a hurricane that is > 400 yrs old.
Rotation = 9 hrs, 54 min
Revolution = 11 yrs, 313 days
Has 67 moons
Faint rings- rocky material, no ice
4th brightest object in the sky
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Jupiter’s Rings
Unlike Saturn's, Jupiter's rings are dark. They're probably composed of very small grains of rocky material. Unlike Saturn's rings, they seem to contain no ice.
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38. Jupiter: http://www.nineplanets.org/jupiter.html
Jupiter (a.k.a. Jove; Greek Zeus) was the King of the Gods, the ruler of Olympus and the patron of the Roman state. Zeus was the son of Cronus (Saturn).
Jupiter is the fourth brightest object in the sky (after the Sun, the Moon and Venus). It has been known since prehistoric times as a bright "wandering star". But in 1610 when Galileo first pointed a telescope at the sky he discovered Jupiter's four large moons Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto (now known as the Galilean moons) and recorded their motions back and forth around Jupiter.
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C. Saturn- High Mass
2nd largest planet in the solar system (95 X larger than Earth)
Composed mainly of hydrogen & helium w/a small rocky core
Methane, ammonia, & ethane are in upper atmosphere
least dense planet
62 moons
6. Saturn’s rings are the largest of the gas giants.
Made of icy particles
Revolution- 29 ½ years!
Saturn’s rings are 170,000 miles in diameter and about 330 feet thick.
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Saturn
6. Saturn’s rings are the largest of the gas giants.
7.Made of icy particles that range from a few cm to a few m wide
8. Revolution: 29 years, 155 days
9. Rotation: 10 hrs, 42 min
moons
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Saturn
In Roman mythology, Saturn is the god of agriculture. The associated Greek god, Cronus, was the son of Uranus and Gaia and the father of Zeus (Jupiter). Saturn is the root of the English word "Saturday“.
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Saturn’s Rings
Saturn’s rings are 250,000 km or more in diameter & they're less than one kilometer thick . l
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Saturn;s Moon
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D. Uranus- high mass
Super cold
27 moons; 11 rings
Revolution: 83 yrs, 273 days
Rotation: 17 hrs, 12 min
3rd largest planet
Rotates on its side---planet was probably knocked on its side after a collision w/an asteroid
Made of hydrogen & methane—2 gases that absorb red light, giving Uranus its distinct blue/green color
1782 million miles from the Sun
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Uranus
Uranus is the ancient Greek deity of the Heavens, the earliest supreme god. Uranus was the son and mate of Gaia the father of Cronus (Saturn) and of the Cyclopes and Titans (predecessors of the Olympian gods).
Uranus, the first planet discovered in modern times, was discovered by William Herschel while systematically searching the sky with his telescope on March 13, 1781.
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Uranus’ rings
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47. 29. E. Neptune: Big Blue World- high mass
13 moons
Rotation: 16 hrs, 6 min.
Revolution: 165 yrs,
Has dark rings
Has a great Dark Spot, like Jupiter, that is a storm
Neptune & Pluto’s orbits overlap causing Neptune to sometimes orbit beyond Pluto
Gets its blue color from being made of methane gas that absorbs red light, making Neptune appear blue
Called the Big Blue World

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Neptune
The Great Dark Spot
In Roman mythology Neptune (Greek: Poseidon) was the god of the Sea.
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Neptune’s Dark Rings
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50. Outer Planets Quiz- Write the LETTER ONLY!!!!
A. Jupiter B. Saturn C. Uranus D. Neptune
1. Least dense planet
2. Rotates on its side
3. Largest planet
4. Sometimes orbits farther than Pluto
5. Most visible rings
6. Big Blue World
7. Great Red Spot
8. Has a Dark Spot
9. Rings made of icy particles
10. 4th brightest object in the sky

51. A. Jupiter B. Saturn C. Uranus D. Neptune
Borders the Asteroid Belt
Most visible rings
Big Blue World
All 4 outer planets have rings- True or False
Great Red Spot
Has a Dark Spot
Rings made of icy particles
Moon, Io, has an active volcano
Least dense planet
Rotates on its side
Largest planet
Sometimes orbits farther than Pluto
Protects Earth from asteroids
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Pluto
No longer considered a planet.
Now called a dwarf planet
A probe was sent Pluto in 2006 and will arrive in 2015.
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53. In Roman mythology, Pluto (Greek: Hades) is the god of the underworld.
Pluto was discovered in 1930 by a fortunate accident. Calculations which later turned out to be in error had predicted a planet beyond Neptune, based on the motions of Uranus and Neptune.
Not knowing of the error, Clyde W. Tombaugh at Lowell Observatory in Arizona did a very careful sky survey which turned up Pluto anyway.
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54. F.Kupier Belt (pronounced kew p a)
A region in space beyond Neptune least 70,000 small, icy, slow-moving objects orbit the sun
A region where the planet-building process stopped before any large objects where formed
Pluto & is moon Charon (pronounced Sharon) are thought to be large members of it
Short-lived comets like Haley’s comet are also thought to come from the Kupier Belt
Discovered in 1992 by Dutch-American astronomer Gerard P. Kupier
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56. G.Pluto: the dwarf planet that rotates on its side
No longer a planet
Now called a “dwarf planet”—reclassified in 8/2006
Has 3 moons—Charon, Nix, & Hydra
Rotation: 6 days, 10 hrs
Revolution: 248 yrs, 4 days
Temperature: -225°C
Covered by frozen nitrogen
Made of rock & ice
Less than ½ the size of
Mercury
Will be visited in 2015
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57. Pluto’s largest moon Charon (which is more than ½ the size of Pluto)
Charon is named for the mythological figure who ferried the dead across the River Acheron into Hades (the underworld).
(Though officially named for the mythological figure, Charon's discoverer was also naming it in honor of his wife, Charlene. Thus, those in the know pronounce it with the first syllable sounding like 'shard' ("SHAHR en").
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