1. Mutations: a mistake made in DNA
Gene Mutations
Mutations: a mistake made in DNA

2. Gene Mutation
Mutation that changes one gene

3. The Rat Hid And The Cat Sat And Got Fat
Substitute a letter in the sentence makes it meaningless
The Pat Hid And The Cat Sat And Got Fat
Adding or deleting a letter is worse because ALL words change
The Rat Hix Dan Dth Eca Tsa Tan Dgo Tfa T
The Rah Ida Ndt Hec Ats Atat Ndg Otf At

4. Consequences of mutations
Amino acids make polypeptides which makes proteins
If one or more amino acids are wrong, then the organism can’t build the correct proteins

5. Gene Mutations: 2 types
1. Point mutations: mutation that occur at one point in the sequence
2. Frameshift mutations: mutation that shifts how all the codons are read

6. A G U C G G U G U A A G A G U C G G U U G U A A G insertion
Frameshift Mutation

7. A G U C G G U G U A A G A G U C G G G U A A G Deletion
Frameshift Mutation

8. A G U C G G U G U A A G A G U C G G U U U A A G Substitution
Point Mutation

9. Chromosome Mutations
Structure or number of chromosomes change

10. Duplication Broken part can reattach to a sister chromatid
Normal chromosome
ABCDE FGH
Duplication of C and D
ABCDCDE FGH

11. Deletion
Normal chromosome
ABCDE FGH
Deletion of C and D
ABE FGH

12. Inversion Broken part reattaches backwards Normal chromosome ABCDE FGH
Inversion of B and C
ACBDE FGH

13. Translocation Broken part attaches to ANOTHER chromosome
Normal chromosome
ABCDE FGH
CDM NOPQR

14. When do mutations occur?
Mitosis
Meiosis

15. Mitosis
Occurs only in the individual and does NOT get passed on to offspring
Example: cancer
Common reasons for mutations: UV radiation from the sun, tanning booths, x-rays, tobacco, asbestos, benzene, chemical pesticides

16. Meiosis Mutations that are passed on to offspring Examples:
Sickle cell disease: substitution
Tay-Sachs: frameshift
Down syndrome: chromosome mutation on number 21