1. Tips on Reading
Updated on June 12, 2018

2. In a nutshell… Do research & develop your own strategy.
Find out what works for you!
Be a proactive designer of your own reading experience.
In the following sections, I'll introduce some tips I developed over the years.

3. About me… 3rd-year Ph.D. Student research area: epistemology & ethics
ESL student (English is my third language.)
Undergrad major: reading & writing intensive
As an ESL, I struggled with reading & writing in undergrad.
I am happy to share the reading tips I developed over years with those who wish to study philosophy but have difficulty reading philosophical texts.

4. * Each duration is a mere benchmark.
Tip #1: for every input, produce one output. One reading cycle = 60 minutes*
45 min
input (read)
underline important information.
to be addressed later…
5 min
output (write)
jot down whatever I remember reading.
You don’t have to write out full sentences.
10 min
take a break
* Each duration is a mere benchmark.

5. Tip #2. Cycle through different readings.
Avoid reading the same materials consecutively.
Your brains will get tired of reading the same contents.
Read different things.
1st cycle: philosophy of ed
2nd cycle: developmental psychology
3rd cycle: sociology…
For every 3 cycles, take a longer break.
There’s a limit to how much you can focus.

6. Tip #3. Avoid perfectionism.
For introductory to medium-level philosophy classes, you don’t have to understand every single sentence written in a philosophical text.
Understanding every single sentence in depth will be important only when you want to pursue a career in ancient Greek philosophy or some other subfields of philosophy.
You can always clarify your understanding either in class or in sections.
Try to understand overall ideas instead.

7. Tip #4: Learn how to identify important information.
3 types of markers (phrases or words that signal important ideas)
Common Markers
Semi-common markers
Less well-known but important markers that people often miss 
What to do with these markers.

8. 1. Conclusion-hinting markers
4.1. Common Markers
1. Conclusion-hinting markers
e.g., that is, hence, therefore, in conclusion, in short, etc. 
often contain the main ideas of a text or a section.
2. Markers used for contrasting ideas.
e.g., however, but, on the other hand
Authors contrast ideas to highlight the latter ideas.
3. Emphasis markers
e.g., in particular, particularly. especially
Authors use them to emphasize ideas.

9. 4.2. Semi-Common Markers 1. Order-hinting markers 2. Emphasis markers
e.g., First, second, third …
orders sometimes don't matter; authors use them to highlight important ideas.
2. Emphasis markers
e.g., not only A but also B; not A but B; rather B than A; rather
This is a variant of contrasting markers; again, whatever comes after is an important idea.
3. Adjectives or superlatives that signify importance
e.g., the greatest, the most, etc.
e.g., important; crucial; essential
e.g., too + adjective

10. 4.3. Less well-known but important markers that people often miss
1. Definitions
Sometimes, authors explicitly define what he/she means by a certain word.
Bookmark the definitions; will be useful when writing papers.
2. Sentences before & after an example or analogy
Authors use examples and analogies to highlight certain ideas.
In other words, what's important is not the example or analogy, but what the author wants to illustrate with the examples and analogies.

11. 4.3. Less well-known but important markers that people often miss
3. blanket words
e.g., each, all, every, never, no one, nothing
Authors sometimes use these blanket-words to emphasize ideas.
e.g., No one today supports Hitler's dangerous ideology.
4. sentences with “I” or “my.”
Authors use the 1st-person pronouns to be assertive.
5. imperatives
e.g., should; must; ought to; imperatives ("Note that...")

12. 4.4. What Do I Do with These Markers?
When reading ….
Highlight the sentences with these markers.
When you’re lost in the text, re-read the sentences you recently highlighted & try to make sense of what’s going on in the text.
For long sentences that are difficult to digest,
if the sentence contains one of these markers, make an effort and try to understanding; it’s worth your effort & time.
if the sentence does not contain these markers, skip it. It’s probably of secondary importance anyway. Don’t waste your time reading them.

13. Practice Passage John Dewey, Democracy and Education
The most notable distinction between living and inanimate things is that the former maintain themselves by renewal. A stone when struck resists. If its resistance is greater than the force of the blow struck, it remains outwardly unchanged. Otherwise, it is shattered into smaller bits. Never does the stone attempt to react in such a way that it may maintain itself against the blow, much less so as to render the blow a contributing factor to its own continued action. While the living thing may easily be crushed by superior force, it none the less tries to turn the energies which act upon it into means of its own further existence. If it cannot do so, it does not just split into smaller pieces (at least in the higher forms of life), but loses its identity as a living thing.

14. Practice Passage John Dewey, Democracy and Education
The most notable distinction between living and inanimate things is that the former maintain themselves by renewal. A stone when struck resists. If its resistance is greater than the force of the blow struck, it remains outwardly unchanged. Otherwise, it is shattered into smaller bits. Never does the stone attempt to react in such a way that it may maintain itself against the blow, much less so as to render the blow a contributing factor to its own continued action. While the living thing may easily be crushed by superior force, it none the less tries to turn the energies which act upon it into means of its own further existence. If it cannot do so, it does not just split into smaller pieces (at least in the higher forms of life), but loses its identity as a living thing.

15. example/ analogy
Practice Passage
2 markers:
superlative
preceding an example.
The most notable distinction between living and inanimate things is that the former maintain themselves by renewal. A stone when struck resists. If its resistance is greater than the force of the blow struck, it remains outwardly unchanged. Otherwise, it is shattered into smaller bits. Never does the stone attempt to react in such a way that it may maintain itself against the blow, much less so as to render the blow a contributing factor to its own continued action. While the living thing may easily be crushed by superior force, it none the less tries to turn the energies which act upon it into means of its own further existence. If it cannot do so, it does not just split into smaller pieces (at least in the higher forms of life), but loses its identity as a living thing.