1. SSUSH13: Evaluate efforts to reform American society & politics in the Progressive Era.

2. a. Describe the influence of muckrakers on affecting change by bringing attention to social problems.

3. The Progressive Era:
Industrialization urbanization, & immigration brought many benefits, but also created many problems in society
Progressive Era emerged in 1890’s: new ideas & good government could bring social justice & change

4. Areas of reform: Government Labor Women Poor Big business Industry
African Americans
Child labor

5. Muckrakers: Famous Muckrakers: *Upton Sinclair *Ida Tarbell
Journalists & writers emphasized the need for social reform
Investigative journalism revealed many problems affecting America
Wrote of the ills of society (corruption)
A muckraker is a tool used to clean manure out of animals stables
Articles appeared in Americans’ homes & people were horrified by the conditions that were revealed to them
Famous Muckrakers:
*Upton Sinclair
*Ida Tarbell
* Jacob Riis
*Lincoln Steffens

6. Muckrakers: Upton Sinclair: Ida Tarbell:
Wrote “The Jungle”
Exposed the horrible conditions in the meatpacking industry (Chicago)
Led to the Meat Inspection Act: set standards of cleanliness that had to be followed
Created the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) to monitor facilities for their compliance with regulations
Exposed the corruption within the Standard Oil Company (monopoly)
Helped create investigative journalism
1911: The Standard Oil Company broken up by the courts

7. Muckrakers: Jacob Riis: Lincoln Steffens:
Photographer for the New York Evening Sun
Photographed crowded, unsafe, rat-infested tenement buildings where the urban poor lived (How the Other Half Lives)
Shocked & horrified Americans
Led to the creation of housing codes & sanitation departments to remove garbage & dead animals from city streets
Urban centers began creating sewer & water servies
Managing editor at McClure’s (magazine)
Published The Shame of the Cities, a collection of articles on political corruption in Philadelphia

8. Tenement Slum Living

12. b. Examine & explain the roles of women in reform movements.

13. Women:
Very influential in helping to bring about reform for both women & the abolition of slavery
Wanted to fight for the right to vote, own property, & receive an education
Helped to boost the number of women who attended college
Helped to improve the lives of the poor

14. Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton:
Women:
Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton:
Jane Addams:
Created a settlement house (a community center that provided social services to the urban poor)
Gave classes to poor mothers in child care, taught English to immigrants, had a nursery
Opened the Hull House (Chicago); created the idea of a social worker
Suffragettes
Fought for a constitutional amendment that would grant women the right to vote
Anthony voted illegally & was convicted
19th Amendment: grants suffrage to women (1920)

16. c. Connect the decision of Plessy v
c. Connect the decision of Plessy v. Ferguson to the expansion of Jim Crow laws & the formation of the NAACP.

17. Jim Crow Laws:
Once federal troops were removed from the South, Southern states enacted various laws at disenfranchisement (taking away the voting rights) of African Americans
Jim Crow laws: kept blacks & whites segregated
Enforced poll taxes, literacy tests, violence, & the grandfather clause (allowed blacks to vote if their ancestors had been able to vote)
Caused widespread segregation (neighborhoods, restaurants, railway cars, cemeteries, etc.)

18. Plessy v. Ferguson
1896
Louisiana passed a Jim Crow law that required separate facilities on railroads.
Homer Plessy (1/8 black) decided to challenge this law; he was arrested for refusing to leave a “Whites Only” railroad car
Upheld the constitutionality of the Jim Crow laws
Supreme Court decision that created “separate but equal”
Blacks & whites were to be separated, have separate facilities, but must be equal in quality

19. NAACP:
Widespread violence (including lynching) led to the formation of the NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Created by a group of white supporters & W.E.B DuBois
Goals were to help protect African American lives, win the right to vote, & help secure their civil liberties
Leaders included both blacks & white Progressives who had worked in other areas of social reform
Wanted to use the courts to challenge unfair laws

20. d. Describe Progressive legislative actions including empowerment of the voter, labor laws, & the conservation movement.

21. Reforming Government:
Progressives realized that government needed to be reformed in order for the rest of society to change
Needed to free government from political bosses & powerful business interests
Wanted to allow the people more control over their government & make government more effective & efficient in serving the public

22. Reforming Government:
Increasing Democracy
Initiative - People have the right to propose laws
Referendum - People vote & have final approval on a law
Recall – People can remove an official from office before their term is over
17th Amendment – Direct election of Senators (by the people)

23. Labor Laws: Highest rate of industrial accidents in the world
Workers worked long hours, had poor ventilation in factories, breathed in hazardous fumes, worked on unsafe machinery with no worker safety protection
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire stirred many to seek reform for labor laws
Helped pass laws to make workplaces safer, created workers compensation laws, limited the workday to 10 hours, eliminated child labor

24. Child Labor

26. TRIANGLE SHIRTWAIST FACTORY FIRE NYC 1911

27. Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

28. Inside the Building After the Fire

29. Dead Bodies on the Sidewalk

30. Scene at the Morgue (145 Dead)

31. Triangle Shirtwaist FactoryM

32. Conservation Movement:
President Theodore Roosevelt also began a Progressive conservation movement, which conserved millions of acres of wilderness lands, particularly in western states.
His efforts led to the establishment of a national park system that included Yosemite in California & Yellowstone in Wyoming.