1. Biological Macromolecules

2. Carbon
15th most abundant element
Can form up to 4 covalent bonds

3. Carbon Bonding

4. Functional Groups

5. Four categories of Biological Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids (fats)
Proteins
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

6. Introduction
Three of the four classes of macromolecules form chainlike molecules called polymers.
The repeated units are small molecules called monomers.

7. Dehydration / Condensation Reaction

8. http://academic. cengage
line_content/animations/reaction_types.html

9. Hydrolysis

10. carbohydrates

11. Carbohydrates Energy storage molecule
Structural elements in cells and tissues

12. Monosaccharides Single sugar molecules CH2O Functional groups Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Glucose
Fructose

13. Disaccharides Double sugar molecules joined by a glycosidic bond
Energy sources and building materials

14. Isomers

15. Disaccharides
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
Cellobiose

16. Polysaccharides Polymers of monosaccharides
Hundreds to thousands of monomers

17. Cellulose

18. Starch
Starch granules

19. Glycogen

20. Chitin

21. Lipids Contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Hydrophobic molecules
Soluble in organic solvents – ethanol, ether

22. Biological Roles Energy Absorbs shock Waterproofing Metabolic water
Structural framework Insulation

23. Fats and oils
Fatty acids and glycerol
Ester bonds

24. Saturated fats
Fats
Maximum hydrogen atoms
Solid at room temperature

25. Palmitic Acid

26. Unsaturated Fat Oils At least one double bond in the fatty acid
Liquid at room temperature

27. Linolenic Acid

28. Isomers of Fatty Acids

29. Hydrogenated Oils

31. Phospholipids
Glycerol molecule
2 fatty acids chains
Phosphate group

32. Steroids
3 – 6 carbon rings
1 – 5 carbon ring

33. Proteins
Polymers of amino acids

34. Amino acids

35. Amino Acids

36. Polypeptides

37. Proteins Many amino acid chains linked together Enzyme reactions
Oxidation / reductions
Structure
Storage
Transport
Cell signaling
Defense

38. Protein structure Shape depends on R-groups of amino acids
Shape controls function of the protein
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

39. Primary Structure

40. Secondary Structure

41. Tertiary Structure

42. Disulfide Bridge

43. Van der waals

44. Keratin – disulfide bridges

45. Proteins structure

46. Denaturing Proteins Loss of 3-dimensional structure
Strong acids and alkalis
Heavy metals
Heat and radiation
Detergents and solvents
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