1. Unit 1: Lesson 1: State Lesson 2: Government Lesson 3: Law Lesson 4: Ruling System

2. Lesson 1: State: How did nations form? What is State? Why did big cities, villages call city – states?

3. Historically, nations were formed through the evolution of group of residents in an area for different reasons, with growing number of population, villages, towns, cities. City – state: is an old name of state and it is related to large cities and villages. State: Group of residents living in a geographical area, and who are subject to political authority ( government) which oversees political, economic and social activities, to improve the quality of life for people.

4. State: City-state: Evolution Group of residents Political Economic Social activities Improve the quality of life for people. Population Nations Geographical areas State: Group of residents

5. Main Pillars of state: 1: Population: A state consists of a number of residents holding its nationality, and it is the most important pillar for the state. There are a number of large population countries like China and India, and other countries have small population like Monaco, and San Marino.

6. 2: Geographical region: It includes land, water bodies, and the space above the state’s ground, States vary with respect to area. Some have large area like Russia, Canada, and some have small area Monaco.

7. Territorial water: Is a term given to inland water bodies that related to the borders of the state. This water is under the sovereignty ( authority) of the state. The international conventions identified the distance as 12 marine miles or what is equivalent to 22 KM.

8. 3- Authority: (government): People and land need some authority to organize affairs and best achieve the interests of people. Authority has to maintain and exploit ( save) and defend it.

9. 4- Sovereignty: (power) Internal SovereigntyExternal Sovereignty The government ability to apply the law fairly to all people. Maintain security and manage all the affairs of state. The status of the state in the international community. The ability of government to build an independent entity (object).

10. 5- International recognition (attitude): The international community’s is very important, this means that the country is a member of international organizations and institutions. How does state achieve international membership? Maintain security and justice among population. Manage relations with other countries. Development of economic policy.

11. Forms of States: Unitary State: Federal State: The state where one authority manages internal and external affairs. Legislative authority: set of laws and orders. Executive authority: law implementation or enforcement. Judiciary: resolution of differences between people. Is a state from the Union of more than one state in order to achieve common goals. a- federal Union: The authorities divided by the constitution between the central government ( federal) and smaller governmental units ( principalities) b- Confederal Union: a kind of union where member are independent sovereign.

12. Lesson 2: Government What is government ? How was government formed? Why do we need government? What are the characteristics of government? What are the types of government? Why is government important? What is democracy?

13. Government: The development of forms of social authority, human societies needed a supervising authority. This authority took different forms depending on the level of social organization. Example a family needs a manager who is usually father or mother. Human societies need an authority to organize and manage the lives of communities and areas. The government is a form of exercising of power in communities. There are two types of government ( formal and informal). There is a government of any group in a community ( family, school,…..etc) The word government usually describes the general government that regulates a state’s affairs. The government is responsible for managing, organizing the economy and lives of citizens, and implementing policies. A government is made up of three branches: legislators, executors, and judicial. (Authorities).

14. The Characteristics of government: 1.A set of laws, norms and rules to regulate the lives of individuals. 2.Legitimacy: it is people’s acceptance of the government’s right in practicing power and executing laws. 3.Sovereignty: it is the government’s authority to use force with in the state. 4.Jurisdiction: it is the right to issue and enforce laws.

15. Functions and duties of the government: 1.Maintaining social system: this includes citizens, public freedoms, and justice. 2.Providing national protection: this includes internal, and external protection. 3.Providing public services: this incudes health, education, and infrastructure ( water, electricity, roads, transportation, and communication) 4.Making economic decisions: these decisions aim at improving the economic and social levels, preserving the currency strength, improving the commercial clout, and financial strength of the state. Commercial Clout: is making the business and investment in positive position.

16. Individual’s involvement in governance: Democracy : means that people are the owners of the power and the source of sovereignty. Kinds of democracy: Direct democracyParliamentary SystemIndirect Democracy The practice of all public manifestations of power by people. This method was used in ancient civilizations. It is very difficult because of increasing number of population. A system where people do not exercise the power directly. It depends on elected deputies who constitute the parliament. It becomes a representative of the people. This system combines the previous two ways, direct democracy, and Parliament. It is based on an elected Parliament, and returning to the people directly to take opinion on important issues.

17. Lesson 3: Law 1.Rules are essential in all areas of life, imagine a basketball game with out rules, traffic with out rules, so there will be disastrous results. 2.The life of society in general will be chaotic ( messy) and injustice (inequality) will prevail. 3.Law: The set of rules that govern relations among individuals with in a community in all life aspects. 4.The law is changing over time, but it has the same goal which is organizing people’s live. 5.Laws varies in states where each state has its own distinctive (typical) law.

18. The branches of law: Public lawPrivate law Is a set of rules and laws governing the relations of the country with its different institutions ( ministries, municipality bodies). It regulates the state’s relation with individuals. It is the law that takes into account the interests of all individuals. Is a set of rules that organizes relationships among individuals. It is the law where individuals can organize their relations freely.

19. Public law is divided into four branches: Section 1: Constitutional law and political freedom. Section2: Financial law. Section 3: Administrative law. Section4: criminal law.

20. Private law is divided into three branches: Section1: Civil Law. Section 2: Commercial law Section 3: private International law.

21. The importance of constitution: a.Specifies the system of governance in the state. b.Demonstrates individual freedoms: religious, political, civil, intellectual, and declares all their rights. c.Regulates economic activities. d.Achieves justice. e.Shows the identity of the state.

22. Lesson 4: Ruling System. 1- Monarchy: a.The most famous system, where the king is the head of the state. b.It is a ruling period until the king’s death. c.It is simple organization has clear and coherent ( clear) policies, to preserve the unity and the strength of the state. d.It has no competition between parties over rules.

23. Kinds of Monarchy system: Absolute MonarchyRestricted Monarchy The king holds all powers: issuing, interpreting, and executing laws The king abdicates parts of his powers, or jurisdictions to the people.

24. Types of ruling system: Amiri System Sultanic System It is headed by the Emir and is the ruling system in Kuwait. The United Arab Emirates combines Amiri System, and Federal System. On a global level: Andorra, Monaco follow the Amiri System. It is headed by a Sultan, for example Sultanate of Oman and Brunei. Imperial System Republication System It is similar to the system of absolute Monarchy, such as Romanian, Greek, and Chinese Empires which were depended on military expansion system. Is the most prevalent system in the world, it depends on election. It has ruling period from(4 – 5 years), Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Syria, Yemen.

25. Unit 2: Citizenship Rights and Duties Lesson 1: Citizen Lesson 2: Rights and Duties Lesson 3: Citizenship