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Objective 2/27/17 Provided interactive notes SWBAT analyze Kohlberg’s theory of development Agenda: Do now: take your homework out, I will be collecting it, make sure your name is on your paper Notes: When you are finished with your notes, take review sheet of terms, and practice test, to begin preparing for quest which will be during the 1 st half of class Wednesday 3/1 Review:
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Introductory Psychology: Developmental Psychology Topic: Gender Development: Sex vs. Gender
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Sex vs. Gender Sex The two main categories in which humans & many other living things are divided on the basis of their reproductive functions- associated with being male or female Female-2 x chromosomes (XX) Male- 1 x, 1y chromosomes (XY)
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Gender Gender - a socially constructed notion of what is feminine and what is masculine Expectations of one’s culture, the development of one’s personality & one’s sense of identify are all affected by the concept of gender
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Gender Roles: Cultural expectations for behavior, including attitudes, actions & personality traits Western culture? Gender roles: Cultural expectations for behavior, including attitudes, actions & personality traits Western culture? Gender typing the acquisition of a particular masculine or feminine role Gender identity Gender identity The individual’s sense of acquisition of a particular masculine or feminine role Influenced by both biological and environmental factors
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Introductory Psychology: Developmental Psychology Topic: Adolescence
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The Nature of Adolescence A “Carefree Time” versus G. Stanley Hall’s “Storm and Stress” Trends today? How is your adolescence different than my adolescence? How is your adolescence different than your parents adolescence? Cultural differences?
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PART ONE Adolescence: Physical Development
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Characteristics of the Teenage Brain Volume of white matter increases; significant growth of myelin sheath Leads to enhanced conductivity & connectivity in the brain Volume of gray matter decreases; synaptic pruning Elimination of less-active synapses Myelination & pruning are most pronounced in the frontal lobe/prefrontal cortex “Executive control center” Frontal lobe development lags behind the limbic system; not thought to be complete until the mid-20s
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Adolescence: Physical Development Sexual Development Growth spurt Girls (age 10); boys (age 12) Puberty generally occurs (on average) two years after the initial growth spurt Pubescence The two-year span preceding puberty during which the changes leading to physical & sexual maturity take place Secondary sex characteristics begin to develop during this period
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Adolescence: Physical Development Puberty The onset of sexual maturation; marks the beginning of adolescence; lasts approximately 5 years Primary sex characteristics reach full maturity during this period Menarche & Spermarche Generational differences in puberty?
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Adolescence: Physical Development The impact of puberty, especially early developers? Adolescent sexual activity Approximately ¾ of males and ½ females (between 15 and 19) have engaged in sex Average: 16 and 17 for males & females respectively Teenage pregnancy Rate of teen pregnancy has fallen in the last 50 years Highest in U.S. of all industrialized nations
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PART TWO Adolescence: Cognitive Development
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Piaget’s Stage Theory Formal Operational Characteristics of Stage Due to the continuing maturation of the frontal lobes, abstract and hypothetical thinking become possible ***Not all adolescents use their formal operational thought processes equally well…
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Adolescence: Cognitive Development Characteristics of Adolescent Thought Introspection Hypocrisy Personal Fable (form of egocentrism) Type of thought common to most adolescents The belief that they (+ their experiences) are unique and therefore, they are protected from harm/invulnerable “You just don’t understand me, I’m different from you!” “It can’t happen to me, I’m special!”
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Adolescence: Cognitive Development Characteristics of Adolescent Thought Imaginary Audience (form of egocentrism) Type of thought common to most adolescents The belief that other people are just as concerned about their thoughts & characteristics as they themselves are
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Adolescence: Cognitive Development Moral Development (Lawrence Kohlberg, 1973) As with all developmental stage theories, the sequence is unvarying Preconventional Conventional Postconventional Adolescents & adults can be found in all 3 levels
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Adolescence: Cognitive Development Preconventional Typical of very young children Focused on self-interest; consequences determine morality Obey rules to: (1) avoid punishment or (2) gain concrete awards EXAMPLE A child who steals a toy from another child & DOES NOT get caught does not see that action as wrong (A: Punishment-Avoidance & Obedience) (B: Exchange of Favors)
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Adolescence: Cognitive Development Conventional Typical of older children, adolescents & most adults Conformity is right; nonconformity is wrong One upholds the law simply because it’s the law EXAMPLE A child criticizes his or her parent for speeding because speeding is against the law (C: Good Boy/Good Girl) (D: Law and Order)
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Adolescence: Cognitive Development Postconventional (About 20% of the adult population) Moral principles determined by the individual; may disagree with societal norms Actions are judged “right” because they come from self-defined, basic ethical principles EXAMPLE A reporter who wrote a controversial story goes to jail rather than reveal the source’s identity (E: Social Contract) (F: Universal Ethical Principle)
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Adolescence: Cognitive Development Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Stage Theory Carole Gilligan (1982) Male-oriented; used only males in his study; proposed that men & women have different perspectives on morality Men: actions that lead to a fair or just end Women: actions that are nonviolent & hurt the fewest people Biased against collectivist societies such as China and India Kohlberg’s methods?
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PART THREE Adolescence: Psychosocial Development
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Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage Theory Identity versus Role Confusion (Stage 5) The premier challenge of adolescence is the struggle to form a clear sense of identity Stable concept of oneself as a unique individual Adoption of values that provide a sense of direction “Who am I?” “Where am I going in life?” Recognized that this struggle often extends beyond adolescence
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CRISIS PresentAbsent COMMITTMENT Present Identity Achievement Successful achievement of a sense of identity Identity Foreclosure Unquestioning adoption of parental or societal values Absent Identity Moratorium Active struggling for a sense of identity Identity Diffusion Absence of struggle for identity, with no obvious concern about it James Marcia: Identity Statuses
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Adolescence: Psychosocial Development Jeffrey Arnett, Emerging Adulthood A new transitional period? Ages 18-25; attributed to a variety of demographic trends Length of education; delay of education; delay of parenthood; increasing barriers to financial independence Characteristics Exploration and instability A feeling of “in-betweenness” “Age of possibilities” (Identity formation well into young-adulthood)
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AP PSYCHOLOGY: UNIT III Introductory Psychology: Developmental Psychology Topic: Adulthood Q: How old does a person have to be before you think of him or her as old? A: The average 18-29 year old says 67. The average person 60+ says 76.
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PART ONE Adulthood: Physical Development
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Young Adulthood (20s-30s) Physical abilities (strength, reaction time, cardiac output, etc.) peak by the mid-twenties All down hill after that… Just kidding..!
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Adulthood: Physical Development Middle Adulthood (40s-60s) Physical decline accelerates Attributable to age or activity level? DECLINE IN FERTILITY Perimenopause (average age: 40s) Estrogen levels decreases; uterus gets smaller; hot flashes Menopause (average age: 51) Cessation of menstrual cycle; no more babies… Andropause (in men…) Gradual decline of testosterone, sperm count, sexual functioning, etc. (Men rarely lose all reproductive ability…)
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Adulthood: Physical Development Late Adulthood (60s+) Life expectancy…on the rise? Stopping point? Sensory abilities Vision, smell & hearing tend to decline after age 70 Health More susceptible to life-threatening ailments Less susceptible to short-term ailments Brain Neural processing slows; loss of brain cells; atrophy of frontal lobe and areas important to memory
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Sensory Abilities
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Neural processing slows; reaction time decreases
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PART TWO Adulthood: Cognitive Development
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Memory Recall v. recognition Recall declines with age; recognition remains stable Also dependent on the type of information
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Adulthood: Cognitive Development Intelligence Fluid intelligence Basic reasoning, memory capacity & the speed of information processing Decreases (slowly; age 75; age 85) Crystallized intelligence Accumulated knowledge (vocabulary & analogy tests) Increases (up to old age)
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What does this mean?
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PART THREE Adulthood: Psychosocial Development Are the elderly more negative than the youthful?
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Adulthood: Psychosocial Development Social Clock The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, retirement, etc. Marks life transitions Does the midlife crisis really exist??
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Adulthood: Psychosocial Development Erikson’s “Adult” Stages (Stages 6-8) Young Adulthood: Intimacy versus Isolation Middle Adulthood: Generativity versus Stagnation Late Adulthood: Integrity versus Despair
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Adulthood: Psychosocial Development According to Erikson, our adult lives are dominated by two major factors… (Crises of Stages 6 & 7) Intimacy Marriage trends? Under what circumstances do marriages stand the best chance? Age, education, cohabitation… Children & marriage Generativity Important to find a career that provides you with a sense of competence and accomplishment
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Adulthood: Psychosocial Development Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Death and Dying Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance **Research on grief and bereavement DOES NOT support such predictable stages Guidelines?
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