1. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Immune Response Presentation preparing by : Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

2. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Immunity is body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells A functional system – NOT an organ system: Complex system – includes Skin – physical barrier Lining of mucus membranes – physical barrier Secretions – tears, mucus etc - antimicrobial Blood cells and vasculature – WBCs Bone marrow Liver – makes complement proteins Lymphatic system and lymphoid organs Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

3. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Immunity system Adaptive Innate Specific response 2. Line of defense Non- specific response 1.Line of defense First line barriers Internal defense External defense Hcl, lyzozyme (tears) saliva Antimicrobail peptide Inflammatory WBC, RBC, leukocyte ( macrophage & neutrophil Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

4. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com atypical immune response INNATE IMMUNITY Rapid responses to a broad range of microbes External defenses Skin Mucous membranes Secretions Invading microbes (pathogens) Internal defenses Phagocyte cell Antimicrobial protein Inflammatory response Natural killer cells Complement ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Slower responses to specific microbes ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Slower responses to specific microbes Cell-mediated response (cytotoxic lymphocytes) Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

5. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Innate immune system internal defences Complement proteins Coagulation proteins Cytokines Extracellular WBCs Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

6. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Innate immune system External defences Lysozyme in tears /saliva Antimicrobial Peptides in sweat Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

7. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Monocyte Migrate into the tissues and become Macrophages Natural killer cells Important part of the innate immune system Kill virus /bacteria infected cells (Intracellular pathogens) Kills cancer cells Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

8. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com NK cells differentiate choose cells to kill ? Uninfected cell / Normal cell Microbe infected cell / cancer cell Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

9. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Kills both host cells and microbes Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

10. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TlRs is Trans membrane proteins Present on macrophages / few other cells Conserved across vertebrates They trigger a cascade of events to kill or protect against pathogens They look out for microbes (or their components) TLRs – What do they do ? They bind to the microbes (or their components) Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

11. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Which microbial components are recognized by TLRs ? Microbial Components SpeciesTLR Usage LPS Gram- negative bacteria TLR4 Diacyl lipopeptides MycoplasmaTLR6/TLR2 Triacyl lipopeptides Bacteria and mycobacteria TLR1/TLR2 LTA Group B Streptococcus TLR6/TLR2 27 satır daha Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

12. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Inflammation Enhanced immune response Secretion of Cytokines / Interferon TLR binding to microbe Phagocytosis of infected cell Killing of infected cell Apoptosis of infected cell Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

13. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

14. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Cytokines Small proteins – secreted by cells of the immune system Affect the behaviour of other cells signalling molecules Key players in innate and acquired immunity Neutrophils – when they encounter a pathogen Macrophages – when they encounter a pathogen TLRs – bind to microbe / components of a microbe NK cells – on encountering a microbe infected cell /tumour cell interferon, interleukins &tumour necrosis factor ( TNF) Which cells released it Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

15. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com “ adaptive ” refers to the fact that it takes time to produce this response. Another difference is that once the pathogen is cleared, the cells involved can form “memory” of the pathogen. If the organism is infected again with the same pathogen, these cells can mobilize more quickly to defend the host. Adaptive response involves the activity of lymphocytes. Include three lines of defense.: 1.Specificity 2.Self\ non self recognition. 3.Memory. antigen “adaptive” Response Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

16. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com If the innate immune response cannot control and eliminate pathogens it initiates and mediates the adaptive immune response Adaptive immune response Adaptive I.S.R. B cells T cells Humeral immunity ( response to bacteria T cell (cell mediate immunity tumor cells viral infected cell) Both of them (B&T) cells from bone marrow but T cell required the thymus maturation and B cells are released in blood stream where their material. Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

17. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com – Involves specialized set of lymphocytes called T cells that recognize foreign antigens on the surface of cells, organisms, or tissues: – T cells regulate proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune system: B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, etc. – Defense against: Bacteria and viruses that are inside host cells and are inaccessible to antibodies. Fungi, protozoa, and helminths Cancer cells Transplanted tissue Cell Mediated Immunity (CMI) Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

18. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Cell Mediated Immunity is Carried Out by T Lymphocytes Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

19. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com  Antigens that stimulate cellular response are mainly intracellular.  Requires constant presence of antigen to remain effective.  Unlike humoral immunity, cell mediated immunity is not transferred to the fetus.  In addition to direct cytotoxicity, T cells produce cytokines that activate macrophages. Cytokines: – Chemical messengers of immune cells. – Over 100 have been identified. – Stimulate and/or regulate immune responses : – Interleukins: Communication between WBCs. Interferons: Protect against viral infections. Chemokines: Attract WBCs to infected areas. CELL MEDAITE IMMUNITY Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

20. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com T cells Immune response to infected cells (viruses, bacteria & parasites( pathogen)within cells Defense against cancer and transplant cells T helper T cytotoxic CD 3 CD4CD 3 CD 8 Responsible for specific recognition of antigens and can retain “memory” of an antigen. Secrete Cytokines Kill infected cells Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

21. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com T Cells and Cell Mediated Immunity Cellular Components of Immunity: T cells are key cellular component of immunity. T cells have an antigen receptor that recognizes and reacts to a specific antigen (T cell receptor). T cell receptor only recognize antigens combined with major histocompatability (MHC) proteins on the surface of cells. MHC Class I: Found on all nucleated cells. MHC Class II: Found on phagocytes. Clonal selection increases number of T cells. Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

22. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com T Cells Only Recognize Antigen Associated with MHC Molecules on Cell Surfaces Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

23. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com How the T cell know the infected cells Infected cells digest some pathogen and MHC proteins carry piece to cell surface. Antigen presenting cell Alerts helper T cell MHC proteins mark a cell as self. MHC I fund on virtually all body cells MHC II fund in certain cells in immune system Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

24. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Types of T cells 1.T Helper (T H ) Cells:  Central role in immune response.  There are three subpopulations of T H cells: 1. T H 0 (naïve) 2. T H 1 (imflammatory) 3. T H 2 cells (helper).  Most are CD4 +  Recognize antigen on the surface of antigen presenting cells e.g.: macrophage (MHC class II)  Activate macrophages  Induce formation of cytotoxic T cells  Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.(helper) Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

25. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com T Helper cell T H This cell bind to another white blood cells that have previously encountered an antigen. Stimulate proliferation of the T cells Stimulate B cells that have already become bound to antigen So that ( without T H cell, there is no immune system. Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

26. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com The central role of T Helper cell Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

27. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Types of T cells (Continued) 2.Cytotoxic T (Tc) Cells: Destroy target cells. CD8 + (CD4 - ). Recognize (MHC class I) antigens on the surface of all cells: -Kill host cells that are infected with viruses or bacteria. - Recognize and kill cancer cells. -Recognize and destroy transplanted tissue. Release two types proteins: 1) perforin which forms pores in target cells, causing lysis of infected cells. 2) Granzymes (serine proteases) Undergo apoptosis when stimulating antigen is gone. Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

28. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Cytotoxic T cells T C Destroy infected body cells Bind to target cell Secretes perforin protein punctures cell membrane of infected cell (apoptosis). Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

29. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Types of T cells (Continued) 3. Delayed Hypersensitivity T (T D ) Cells: Mostly T helper and a few cytotoxic T cells that are involved in some allergic reactions and rejection of transplanted tissue. 4. T Suppressor (Ts) Cells:  may shut down immune response.  are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress activation of the immune system and there by maintain:  immune system homeostasis and  tolerance to self-antigens. Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

30. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

31. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Nonspecific Cellular Components 1. Activated Macrophages: ( Stimulated phagocytes) Stimulated by ingestion of antigen Larger and more effective phagocytes. Enhanced ability to eliminate intracellular bacteria, virus-infected and cancerous cells. 2. Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Lymphocytes that destroy virus infected and tumor cells. Not specific. Don’t require antigen stimulation. Not phagocytic, but must contact cell in order to lays it. Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

32. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Relationship Between Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity. 1. Antibody Production T-Dependent Antigens: – Antibody production requires assistance from T helper cells. – Macrophages ingest antigens and present them to T H cell. – T H cells stimulate B cells specific for that antigen to become plasma cells. – Antigens are mainly proteins on viruses, bacteria, foreign red blood cells, and hapten-carrier molecules. T-Independent Antigens: – Antibody production does not require assistance from T cells. – Antigens are mainly polysaccharides or lipopolysaccharides with repeating subunits (bacterial capsules). – Weaker immune response than for T-dependent antigens. Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

33. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Humoral Response to T Dependent Antigens Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

34. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Relationship Between Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity 2. Antibody Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity Target cell is covered with antibodies, leaving Fc portion sticking outwards. Natural killer and other nonspecific cells that have receptors for Fc region are stimulated to kill targeted cells. Target organism is lysed by substances secreted by attacking cells. Used to destroy large organisms that cannot be phagocytosed. Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

35. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Humoral response The humoral response is carried out by antibodies which are produced by Plasma cells. Plasma cells are derived from activated B-cells that are produced in the bone marrow. Cells of the innate immune system activate the specific immune response. A group of cells called Antigen presenting cells (APC) activate the acquired immune system. Macrophages, Dendritic cells and B-cells are examples of types of APCs. APCs turn on the acquired immune system by activating T-Helper cells (T H -cells). T H -cells in turn activate either the cell mediated or the humoral immune system. Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

36. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com 1 The Microbial antigen is ingested by an APC and partially digested. Fragments from microbe bind with the MHC II to form a MHC II /Ag complex on the surface of the APC Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

37. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com 2 APC THTH A Helper T cell, specific for the presented antigen, binds to the MHC II/Ag complex B The helper T cell then activates an appropriate B cell by releasing IL-2 to it. 3 APC THTH Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

38. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com The interaction between the T H - cell and the B-cell causes the B- cell to differentiate into Plasma cells and memory cells. Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

39. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Memory cells Memory cells do not react right away but are held in reserve for later infections. The secondary response that is carried out by memory cells is different in 3 ways. 1.Memory cells produce antibodies that bind with greater affinity to their antigens than the antibodies produced in the initial response. 2.The response time is much vaster than the primary response 3.A greater number of antibodies are produced. Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

40. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com What are the similarities/differences between T-cell receptors and B-cell receptors? Similarities: 1.Both bind antigen 2.Both have their variability's located in one part of the molecule that bind antigen (V-region) 3.Three dimensional structures are remarkably similar Differences: 1. Antibodies can be both soluble and membrane bound, TCR only membrane Bound 2. TCR has one binding site, Ab has two 3. TCR is shorter and wider than Fab portion of Ab. 4. B-cells/antibodies recognize circulating antibodies. T-cells require antigen to be presented by MHC-molecules 5. All energy of antigen-antibody focus on foreign antigens whereas a substantial fraction of the energy of the TCR-peptide-MHC is directed against self. 6. Antibodies have higher affinity than TCRs Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB

41. This presentation uses a free template provided by FPPT.com www.free-power-point-templates.com Anfal Izaldeen ALKATEEB