2. Dr. Kamal K. Taha Associate Professor of Physical Chemistry Dean CAIS U of B Introduction to Nanotechnology

3. Definition Nanotechnology, shortened to “nanotech”, is the study of the controlling of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometer in at least one dimension and involve developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology

4. How small is Nano - small? Units in nanometers (µm)

5. Compared to Human Hair A Human Hair is about 100,000µm wide

6. At small size physical observation simply changes. It is no longer governed by the classical picture.

7. Nano-structures & Sensitivity As objects are scaled down the ratio of the surface to volume increases sharply. This makes surface effects more pronounced. Isolated small size electrode will possesses high sensitivity due to non-linearity effects.

9. Chemical Synthesis

10. LOW temperature methods Hydrothermal chemical growth of ZnO

11. Different Nano-structrures Obtained by controlling the reaction parameters

14. Nanotechnology spans many Areas NANOTECHNOLOGY Information Technology Mechanical Eng. & Robotics Biotechnology Transportation National Security & Defense Food and Agriculture Energy & Environment Aerospace Advance Materials & Textiles Medicine / Health NANOTECHNOLOGY Information Technology Mechanical Eng. & Robotics Biotechnology Food and Agriculture Aerospace Advance Materials & Textiles Medicine / Health Energy & Environment NANOTECHNOLOGY Information Technology Mechanical Eng. & Robotics Biotechnology Food and Agriculture Aerospace Advance Materials & Textiles Medicine / Health NANOTECHNOLOGY National Security & Defense Food and Agriculture Energy & Environment Aerospace Advance Materials & Textiles Medicine / Health NANOTECHNOLOGY Food and Agriculture Aerospace Advance Materials & Textiles Medicine / Health Energy & Environment NANOTECHNOLOGY Information Technology Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine / Health Mechanical Eng. & Robotics NANOTECHNOLOGY National Security & Defense Food and Agriculture Energy & Environment Aerospace Medicine / Health NANOTECHNOLOGY Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine / Health Energy & Environment NANOTECHNOLOGY Information Technology Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine / Health Biotechnology Mechanical Eng. & Robotics NANOTECHNOLOGY National Security & Defense Food and Agriculture Energy & Environment Aerospace Medicine / Health NANOTECHNOLOGY Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine / Health Energy & Environment NANOTECHNOLOGY Information Technology Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine / Health Transportation Biotechnology Mechanical Eng. & Robotics NANOTECHNOLOGY National Security & Defense Food and Agriculture Energy & Environment Aerospace Medicine / Health NANOTECHNOLOGY Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine / Health Information Technology Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine / Health Information Technology Mechanical Eng. & Robotics Information Technology Biotechnology Mechanical Eng. & Robotics Information Technology Transportation Biotechnology Mechanical Eng. & Robotics Information Technology National Security & Defense Transportation Biotechnology Mechanical Engineering / Robotics Information Technology

15. Nanosized Iron for Groundwater Remediation: Smaller sized iron particles More complete reduction of chlorinated hydrocarbons

16. Absorbents for selective removal of pollutants Teabag catalysts for de-stenching Use high surface area Cu-ZnO catalysts to absorb S - compounds

17. End-of-pipe management and cleanup of pollution Treatment & Remediation Iron Treatment Walls… Used in groundwater treatment for many years. Iron chemically reduces organic and inorganic environmental contaminants. Currently involves granular or “microscale” iron (  50  m or 50,000 nm). and Nanotechnology Nanosized iron enhances the reaction. Enhanced further by coupling with other metals (Fe/Pd)* on the nanoscale. Nano Fe 0 is more reactive and effective than the microscale. Smaller size makes it more flexible -- penetrates difficult to access areas. * Elliot and Zhang ES&T 2001, 35, 4922-4926

19. Kamat, P.V, et al. J.Phys.Chem. B 2002, 106,788-794. Nanosized zinc oxide (ZnO) “senses” organic pollutants indicated by change in visible emission signal. Sensing capability means that the energy- consuming oxidation stage only occurs when the pollutants present. “Sense and Shoot” Approach to Pollution Treatment The ZnO “shoots” the pollutants via photocatalytic oxidation to form more environmentally benign compounds. Multifunctionality and “smartness” is highly desirable for environmental applications. Dual role of ZnO semicondouctor film as a sensor and photocatalyst >300 nm UV

22. Drug Delivery

23. Targeting Ligands

24. Liposome's

25. Governments Expenditure in Nanotech. Western Europe: USD 669 Million Japan: USD 810 Million U. S. A.: USD 774 Million Asia: USD 800 Million

26. Acknowledgements TOKTEN-Sudan; Dr. Omer Nor; Institute for Technical Research –NCR Omdurman Ahlia University Future university University of Elneelain