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Biology Today Third Edition
Eli Minkoff • Pam Baker Biology Today Third Edition Chapter 13 The Nervous System and Senses Copyright © 2004 by Garland Science
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? neurobiology study of the brain and nervous system mind = brain
neurobiology study of the brain and nervous system ? mind = brain “There is probably no theory in biology that is more controversial, both among biologists and between biologists and the public.” BT3, pg. 464
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nervous system (animals only) receive process transmit information cells: neurons
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Figure 13.2a
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Figure 13.2b
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Figure 13.2c
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Figure 13.2a
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nervous system CNS PNS brain spinal cord sense organs “nerves”
nervous system CNS PNS Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system brain spinal cord sense organs “nerves”
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Figure 13.1
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nerve impulses how do neurons send messages? resting potential threshold action potential
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Figure 13.3a,b
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Figure 13.3c
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Figure 13.5 (1)
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Figure 13.5 (5)
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domino’s (not the pizza kind)
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Figure 13.4
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how do neurons send messages? resting potential at rest, cell is at -70 mV
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resting potential threshold how do neurons send messages? initiates action potential
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how do neurons send messages? resting potential threshold action potential… …sending a signal
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how do neurons send messages? resting potential threshold action potential… …electrochemical change propagated along the axon
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When a cell reaches threshold… ..it will send an action potential all or none
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What happens at the synapse?
How do you get a cell to threshold? What happens at the synapse? Fig 13.6 (on board)
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axon terminal post synaptic cell synapse synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitter (nt) receptors in post-synaptic membrane
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AP reaches synapse exocytosis of synaptic vesicles release of nt bind to receptors open ion channels change membrane potential
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Figure 13.6
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Neurotransmitters different kinds (table 13.1)
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Th. R. P. Na+ in excitatory nt (stimulatory) closer to Th
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Th. R. P. K+ out inhibitory nt further from Th
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Parkinson’s too little dopamine Huntington’s too much dopamine
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Figure 13.7
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Senses: receptors: touch pressure heat/cold pain mechanical general thermal chemical smell/taste “balance” hearing special mechanical photons sight
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Figure 13.8
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Figure 13.10a
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Figure 13.10b
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Laser-Assisted in Situ Keratomileusis
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control of the lens and the iris
on the board
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Fig a
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balance Inner ear semicircular canals motion vestibule gravity cochlea
sound
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Figure 13.12b,c
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Figure 13.12d
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Figure 13.13a
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Figure 13.13b
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Figure 13.13c
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Figure 13.14
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Figure 13.15a
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Figure 13.15b
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Message processing senses PNS CNS perception processing
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Message processing PNS CNS seizures (epilepsy) abnormal processing
senses PNS CNS abnormal processing seizures (epilepsy)
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Message processing senses PNS CNS motor muscle contraction
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Fig a
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Fig b AP release Ca2+ myosin grabs actin ATP changes myosin
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Fig b,c
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Fig
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Learning: habituation procedural sensitization conditioning
“how” habituation sensitization conditioning Fig A stop noticing input
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opposite of habituation
Learning: procedural “how” habituation sensitization conditioning Fig B opposite of habituation
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Learning: habituation procedural sensitization conditioning
“how” habituation sensitization conditioning Fig C Pavlov’s dogs
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Learning: procedural habituation sensitization conditioning
“how” habituation sensitization conditioning declarative “what” requires “more” cerebrum and hippocampus
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declarative learning memory circadian rhythm Fig
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Alzheimer’s disease ACh imbalance Depression low serotonin levels Schizophrenia excess dopamine (and serotonin involvement ?)
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End of Chapter 13
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