1. Christian Europe Emerges
300 – 1200 C.E.

2. Byzantine Empire
300 – 1200 C.E.

3. Map of Byzantine Empire

4. Church and State
Roman rule and traditions remained in the Byzantine Empire and Constantinople.
The Byzantine emperor appointed the patriarch of Constantinople and intervened in church matters.
Religious differences and doctrinal disputes abounded, but polytheism was eliminated.

5. Constantinople

6. Church of Hagia Sophia

7. External Threats
Byzantine Empire did not break up because of unity of political and religious power.
Foreign threats included:
Goths and Huns in North
Sasanids in East
Attacked for over 300 years

8. Losing Power
Muslim Arabs took wealthy provinces of Syria, Tunisia, and Egypt from Byzantines.
Permanently reduced power of Empire.
Empire also experienced declining relations with the popes and princes of Western Europe.
Formal break between Latin and Orthodox Churches in 1054.

9. Society and Decline of Urbanism
Byzantine Empire experienced a decline of urbanism similar to Rome.
Middle class people moved out of cities and into rural areas.
Byzantine society was then characterized by a HUGE gap between wealth of aristocrats and poverty of peasants.

10. Family Life Family very rigid
Women confined to homes and wore veils if they went out.
Byzantine women ruled alongside husbands between 1028 and 1056.
Women did not take refuge in nunneries.

11. Economic Intervention
At this time, emperors would:
Set prices
Controlled provision of grain to capital
Monopolized trade on certain goods
Results:
Constantinople was well supplied.
Cities and rural areas lagged behind in wealth and technology.

12. Views of Byzantine Empire
Western Europeans began to view the Byzantine Empire as a crumbling power.
Byzantines thought that westerners were uncouth barbarians.

13. Cultural Achievements
Put together collection of Roman laws and edicts under the title Body of Civil Law.
Became basis of Western European civil law.
Developed technique of making domed buildings.
Italian renaissance architects adopted dome in 15th and 16th centuries.

14. Roman vs Byzantine Empire
Create a Venn Diagram comparing the “West” vs the “East”.
The “West” would be the old Roman Empire and the “East” which is the Byzantine Empire.

15. Questions
Orally review questions 1-11.

16. Early Medieval Europe
300 – 1000 C.E.

17. From the Roman Empire to Germanic Kingdoms…

18. Fifth Century C.E. Roman Empire breaks down
Europe is politically fragmented
Germanic kings ruling a number of different kingdoms
Western Europe continues to suffer invasions as Muslim Arabs and Berbers took Iberian Peninsula and go into France.

19. Charlemagne & the Carolingians
The Carolingians united various Frankish kingdoms into a larger empire.
Under Charlemagne, this empire includes Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy.
Empire was subdivided by Charlemagne’s grandsons and never united again.

20. Charlemagne

21. Charlemagne’s Empire

22. Charlemagne’s Church

24. Vikings
Attacked England, France, and Spain in the late eighth and ninth centuries.
Settled Iceland and Normandy, from which the Norman William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066.

25. A Self-Sufficient Economy
Fall of Roman Empire brings about:
De-Urbanization
Decline in Trade
Without domination of Rome’s “Great Tradition,” regional elites become self-sufficient and local “small traditions” flourished.

27. Vassals Vassals held most of a king’s realm
Most vassals granted substantial parts of land to their vassals.
Kings were weak because they depended on vassals.

28. Fief
Kings and nobles granted land (fief) to a man in return for a promise to supply military service.
By 10th century, fiefs became hereditary.

29. Administration
Kings and nobles had limited ability to administer and tax their realms.
Power was further limited by their inability to tax the vast landholdings of the Church.
Most medieval people saw the lord’s manor as government.

30. Manors Self-Sufficient farming estates
Primary centers of agricultural production
Manors grew from need for self-sufficiency and self-defense.

31. Typical Manor Layout

32. Medieval Diet Northern Diet Beer Lard or Butter Bread Southern Diet
Wheat
Wine
Olive Oil

33. Lord of the Manor
Had almost unlimited power over his agricultural workers.
Agricultural Workers = Serfs
Conditions of agricultural workers varied
Tradition of a free peasantry survived in some areas

34. Early Medieval Society in West
Class of nobles emerged and developed into mounted knights.
Landholding and military service became inseparable.
Military service to a lord = feudalism

35. Military Security
Need for security leads to the development of new technology:
Stirrup
Bigger Horses
Armor and Weapons of the knight
Equipment was expensive, so knights needed land to support themselves.

36. Knight’s Equipment
Horse Bit
Spur

37. Women Noble women were pawns in marriage politics.
Women could own land.
Non-noble women worked alongside the men.

38. Vassals vs Knights
What is the difference between vassals and knights?

39. Vassals vs Knights
Vassals ruled lands granted to them by their king. Those lands were called fiefs. Within a fiefs, a vassal acted as a local lord and could give portions of it to vassals of his own. Someone might be the vassal of one person, but the lord of another.
Knights were warriors who fought on horseback. In return for land, they pledged themselves as vassals to the king. Only the sons of lords could become knights.

40. The Western Church

41. The Structure of Christian Faith
Christian faith and Catholic church, headed by the Pope, were sources of unity and order in the fragmented world of medieval Europe.
Church hierarchy tried to deal with challenges to unity by calling councils of bishops to discuss and settle questions of doctrine.

42. Politics and the Church
Popes sought to combine their religious power with political power by forging alliances with kings.
Finally did so by choosing a German king to be “Holy Roman Emperor”, Otto the Great, in 962.
In reality, the Holy Roman Empire was not more than a loose coalition of German princes.

43. Holy Roman Empire Map

44. Power Struggle
Secular rulers in the Holy Roman Empire argued that they should be able to appoint bishops who held land in fief.
Popes disagreed
Concordat of Worms .
a compromise in 1122
Popes could appoint bishops
Kings could assign where they worked

45. Origins of Monasticism
Developed in Egypt in the 4th century on the basis of previous religious practices such as:
Celibacy
Devotion to Prayer
Isolation from Society

46. Benedict of Nursia Lived from 480 – 547 C.E.
Was the first Western monk. Lived in a cave in Nursia, Italy.
Was considered a hermit and dedicated his life to prayer.
Organized monasteries and supplied them with a set of written rules which governed all aspects of ritual and daily life.

47. Functions of Monasteries
Centers of literacy and learning.
Refugees for widows and other vulnerable women.
Inns and orphanages.
Managed their own estates of agricultural land.

48. Monasteries

49. Control
Difficult for Catholic church to exercise oversight over monasteries.
Reform development started by monastic establishment in 11th century.
Abbey of Cluny sought to improve the administration and discipline of monasteries.

50. Three Legal Traditions
Western Europe developed:
Germanic feudal law
Canon (church law)
Roman law
Presence of conflicting legal theories and legal jurisdictions was a significant characteristic of Western Europe.

51. Kievan Russia
900 – 1200

52. Geography
Includes territory from the Black and Caspian Seas in the south to the Baltic and White Seas in the north.
Territory includes series of ecological zones running from east to west.
Several navigable rivers.

53. Kievan Russia Map

54. Agriculture Poor agricultural land Short growing season
Primitive farming technology
Food production was low and trade was necessary to feed the people

55. Early History
Inhabited by a number of peoples of different language and ethnic groups whose territory shifted from century to century.
Emerged to a pattern of:
Slavs in the east
Finns in the north
Turkic tribes in the south

56. Trade
Forest dwellers, steppe nomads, and farmers traded with each other.
Long-distance caravan trade linked Russia to the Silk Road.
Varangians were active traders on the rivers.
Khazar Turks built a trading kingdom at the mouth of the Volga River.

57. Rus Societies of western Slav farmers ruled by Varangian nobles.
Most important cities = Kiev and Novogorod
Both cities were centers of trade

58. Kiev and Novogorod Had populations of 30,000 to 50,000
Much smaller than Constantinople or large Muslim cities
Kiev, Novogorod, and other urban areas were centers for craftsmen and artists.
Their social status was higher than peasants.

59. Vladimir I In 980, he became Grand Prince of Kiev.
Chose Orthodox Christianity as the religion of his state.
Imitated the culture of the Byzantine Empire:
Built churches
Adopted the Cyrillic alphabet
Oriented his trade toward the Byzantines.

60. Spread of Christianity
Spread very slowly in Kievan Russia.
Pagan customs and polygamy persisted until the 12th century.
Christianity eventually took over and became very powerful in the 12th century.
Clergy even functioned as tax collectors for the state.

61. Smart Start: Kiev, Russia
Who were prominent political rulers? What were the two populous cities? How was agriculture? How did people in Kiev make money? What nationalities of people settled in Kiev? What was their religion in Kiev?

63. Decline Caused by: Decline happened after 1100.
Internal political struggles
Conflict with external foes
Decline happened after 1100.

64. Western Europe Revives
1000 – 1200

65. Reviving Western Europe
Population and agricultural production increased in the period from
Caused resurgence of trade
Enabled kings to strengthen control
Revival because of
New technologies
Appearance of self-governing cities

66. New Technology
Heavy moldboard plow
Horse collar
Breast-strap harness

67. Italy and Flanders
These two cities were the beginning of the emergence of independent, self-governing cities.
Relied on manufacturing and trade for income
Had legal independence so laws could favor manufacturing and trade

68. More cities emerge… Venice, Italy became a dominant sea power
Traded in Muslim ports for spices and other goods
Ghent, Belgium imported wool from England and wove it into cloth for export

69. With trade came… Increase in use of high-value gold and silver coins
Rarely been used in early medieval Europe
During the mid-twelfth century Europeans began minting silver and gold coins.

70. The Crusades

71. A Quest for the Holy Land
THE CRUSADES
A Quest for the Holy Land

72. Crusades A long series or Wars between Christians and Muslims
They fought over control of Jerusalem which was called the Holy Land because it was the region where Jesus had lived, preached and died

73. Causes of the Crusades

74. The Call to Arms
Pope Urban II called for the defeat of the Turks, returning the Holy Land to the Christians

75. Who Answered the Call?
Feudal Lords
Knights
Peasants

76. The First Crusade (1096-1099) Peasant army Knights Untrained
Lacked military equipment
Many killed by Muslim Turks
Knights
Succeeded in capturing Jerusalem

77. Second Crusade ( )
After victory many Christians went back home.
The Turks eventually took back much of the territory.
King of France and Emperor of Germany sent troops to stop the Turks.

78. Second Crusade ( )
Saladin leads the Muslim Turks to victory, defeating the Christians
* He was considered a very wise ruler. He was known for his sometimes kind treatment of fallen enemies. Many Christians saw him as a model of knightly chivalry.

79. Third Crusade ( )
King Richard of England convinces the Turks to allow Christians to visit the Holy Land

80. Crusades Continue Through 1200’s
Several more crusades attempted with no victories for the Christians
Children’s crusade, - 30,000 soldiers - many of them under 12 years old – Never made it to the Holy Land

81. Results of the Crusades
I.F. Turks Traveled they would Trade
I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers
F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or spend too much money on military.
T = Turks still rule the Holy Land
T = Travel – Europeans want to travel more
T = Trade – Europeans want product from the East such as sugar, cotton, silk, spices, etc.

82. Reasons for Crusades Religious zeal
Knights’ willingness to engage in church-sanctioned warfare
Desire for land on part of younger sons of European nobility
Interest in trade

83. Assignment: Recruitment Poster
Use your notes and the textbook to create a recruitment poster. Your project should include:
A definition of the crusades.
A map of the crusades.
The four causes of the crusades.
Pope Urban’s call for defeat of the Turks to return the. holy land top the Christians.
Who answered or needs to answer the call.
A description of all four crusades.
The results of the crusades.