1. Bio-Based Fuel Research Waste to Resource
Steve Safferman
Dana M Kirk
Wei Liao
Susie Liu

2. WASTE TO ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
Direct
Combustion
Thermal
Conversion
Biochemical
Pyrolysis
Liquefaction
Gasification
Anaerobic
Digestion
Thermochemical
Deploymerization
Ethanol
Synthesis
Algae

3. Anaerobic Digestion
Andrew Wedel, McLanahan Corp.

4. East Germany (Swine and Potatoes)

5. Scenic View Dairy

6. Minute Maid

7. Anaerobic Digestion What does carbon look like in complex waste?
CaHbOc?d?e?f?g?h
What does carbon look like in energy?
CH4 H H C H H

8. Anaerobic Digestion Microbiology
Biogas Energy Systems A Great Lakes Casebook, Great Lakes Regional Energy Program. Cliburn & Associates, 1994
Rozdilsky, J Farm Based Anaerobic Digestion in Michigan: History, Current Status, and Future Outlook, 1997.

9. Anaerobic Digestion Microbiology
Heat
Electricity
Natural Gas
CH4 (50 – 60%)
CO2 (40 – 50%)
Other? (Trace)
Biogas
Fiber
Water
Nutrients
Digestate
Scenic View Dairy, MI

10. Digestate \ Solid liquid separation Manure composite boards
Manure solids as bedding
Compost

11. Anaerobic Digestion Benefits
Revenue Sources
Energy Offset and/or Energy Sales
Carbon Credit
Tipping Fees
New Industries
All of the Above
Odor Control (Nuisance Avoidance)
Water Treatment/Stabilization
Emission Control
Greenhouse Gas
Public Perception
Liquid/Solid Separation
Nutrient Availability
Pathogen Reduction

12. “Back of the Envelop” Energy Prediction
In MI, Avg. Person Requires 313 MBTU/year1
People in MI: 10,100,0001
0.012 MBTU/kg VS Added to Digester2,3
7,100,000 tons of Dry Biosolids Produced each Year4
Biosolids in Country Supports 183,000 People in MI (2%)2,3
Cows in MI: 325,0006
Cows manure in MI Supports 10,400 people (0.1%)2,3,6
1MI Depart. of Economic Development and Labor and Economic Growth, Energy Overview
2Metcalf & Eddy Wastewater Engineering
3Peavy et al. Environmental Engineering
4WEF, Questions and Answers on Land Application of Biosolids
5USDA National Statistics Service
6Anaerobic Digestion of Animal Waste: Factors to Consider, Balsam, ATTRA Pub. IP219

13. Anaerobic Digestion Costs
Capital Cost
Daily Operation and Maintenance
Training
Safety
Sensitivity
Disposal
----- ______ in _____Out -----

14. Anaerobic Digestion Benefits
Revenue Sources
Energy Offset and/or Energy Sales
Carbon Credit
Tipping Fees
New Industries
All of the Above
Odor Control (Nuisance Avoidance)
Water Treatment/Stabilization
Emission Control
Greenhouse Gas
Public Perception
Liquid/Solid Separation
Nutrient Availability
Pathogen Reduction

15. Anaerobic Digestion System Research
Natural
Gas
Combined Heat &
Power System
Methane
Biogas
Anaerobic
Digester
Liquid/Fiber
Separator
Fiber
Production
Liquid
Stream
Organic
Residues CO 2
Heat
Green House
Vegetable
Algal Culture
Crop
Biodiesel
Animal
Feed
Fish
Meal
Aquaculture &
Hoop Agriculture

16. H2 & CH4 Production – Psychrotrophic Microbial Consortia
Hydrogen Producing
Microorganisms
Methane Producing
Animal Manure
Hydrogen
Methane
Nutrients (C, N, P etc.)
Enhanced Enzyme
Production
Organic Acids
Lignocellulose
5 liter bench reactors for AD research
16s rRNA gene technologies
for analysis of microbial consortia

17. Algal production using AD effluent
Combustion of AD Biogas
AD Liquid Effluent
CO2
Advanced Pond System
Algal Culture
System
Algal Turf Scrubber System
Wastewater with less
N, P
Algal Biomass
Fertilizers
Fish Meal
Ethanol
Value-Added Products

18. Integrated Small-Scale Animal Manure Management System to Improve Energy Efficiency and Produce High-Value Co-Products

19. Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor

20. Anaerobic Digestion Feasibility
Is anaerobic digestion worth further exploration?
Determine Objectives
Profile Facility/Facilities
Screen Wastewater
Predict Best Theoretical Potential
Conduct Laboratory Experimentation
Interpret Results
Make Recommendations
Professional Design

21. 2. Profile Facility/Facilities

22. 3. Screen Waste COD (soluble) Volatile Solids pH Alkalinity C/N/P
Toxicity
Diazinon
Permethrin
Carbofuran
Lindane

23. Theoretical Potential
Predict Best
Theoretical Potential
Liu, Yan, Miller, S. A., Safferman, S. I. (2008). “Alternative Treatments of Food and Manure for Biogas Production.” Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining, In Press (manuscript BIOFPR R1).

24. Anaerobic Respirometry
5. Conduct Laboratory Experimentation
Anaerobic Respirometry
Real Time, Continuous Gas Measurement
Total volume
Rate (ml/hr)

26. 6. Interpret Results

27. Anaerobic Digestion Feasibility
Is anaerobic digestion worth further exploration?
Determine Objectives
Profile Facility/Facilities
Screen Wastewater
Predict Best Theoretical Potential
Conduct Laboratory Experimentation
Interpret Results
Make Recommendations
Professional Design

28. MSU Anaerobic Digestion Research and Training Center
Comprehensively research, develop, evaluate, and educate on integrated anaerobic digestion systems, with an emphasis on cost effective and efficient technologies for small and medium sized dairy farms.
Theoretical modeling
Bioassay evaluation and
Lab and Bench scale research
Anaerobic digester and algae facility at the MSU Dairy Farm
Pilot and commercial scale research at Green Meadow Farms and Scenic View Dairy.

29. Anaerobic Digestion Research
East Bay,
Expansion Potential
High Bay
Research Bay, Typ.
14 ft
15 ft
10 ft
18 ft
Wet
Laboratory
Instrument
Men’s
Locker
Room
Women’s
Conference
Stud. Work
Manager’s Office
Entry
4 ft
40 ft
82 ft

30. Questions Dana M Kirk Steven Safferman kirkdana@msu.eduP: C:
Steven Safferman