1. Chapter 17 The Ancient World Paleolithic Period-old stone age
(2 million years ago to 10,000 B.C.E.)
High degree of naturalism
Wall painting with three horses facing one another, Chauvet Cave. c. 30,000 BCE.

2. PALEOLITHIC CAVE ART
Source/Museum: Ardèche Gorge, France. Sygma. Jean Clottes/Miniterie de la Culture.
Medium: n/a
Size: n/a
Title: Horses
Artist: n/a
Date: c. 30,000 BCE

3. The making of sculptural objects developed out of the making of tools
Paleolithic Sculpture (small votive fertility figure)
Title: Venus of Willendorf
Artist: n/a
Date: c. 25,000-20,000 BCE
Source/Museum: Lower Austria. Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna.
Medium: Limestone
Size: Height 4 ½ in.

4. Transition to Agrarian Society
40,000 to 8,000 B.C.
Paleolithic era (old stone age)
Man is nomadic
8,000 B.C. Ice Age draws to a close
8,000 to 3,000 B.C.
Neolithic era (new stone age)
Man domesticates animals and cultivate food grains
Man abandons temporary shelters for more permanent ones

5. Beaker with ibex, dogs, and long-necked birds. c. 5000–4000 BCE.
Objects become more decoative & stylized
Beaker with ibex, dogs, and long-necked birds. c. 5000–4000 BCE.

6. NEOLITHIC STRUCTURE: megaliths-monumental stone architecture
Example of post and lintel construction
Source/Museum: Salisbury Plain (Wiltshire), England. Spencer Grant/Photo Edit.
Medium: n/a
Size: n/a
Title: Stonehenge
Artist: n/a
Date: c BCE

7. Mesopotamian Cultures-earliest civilizations: Sumerians
Populated area around Tigris and Euphrates River (present day Middle East)
First to establish writing, invented the wheel,
schools, libraries and written laws
Consisted of a dozen cities, each with a population between 10 and 50,000
Each city had its own deity (god/figure of authority and power)

9. SUMERIAN SCULPTURE
Source/Museum: Tell Asmar, Iraq. Excavated by the Iraq Expedition of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, February 13, Courtesy Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.
Medium: Limestone, alabaster, and gypsum
Size: Height of the tallest figure 30 in.
Title: Worshippers and deities from Abu Temple
Artist: n/a
Date: c BCE

10. Egyptian Civilization
Developed during same period as Mesopotamia cultures, but along Nile River
Not as vulnerable to attack as Mesopotamia; protected on all sides by sea and desert
Culture characterized by order, stability and endurance
First to reflect belief in everlasting life- ka

11. Title: King Khafre
Artist: n/a
Date: c BCE
Source/Museum: Giza, Egypt. Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Hirmer Fotoarchiv.
Medium: Diorite
Size: Height 66 1/8 in.

12. Shoulders on 19th line of grid
Bottom of grid
Figures were depicted according to an ideal and mathematical set of proportions; the figure fits into a grid and the lower body is always frontal while the the head is seen in profile
Source/Museum: Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt. Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Hirmer Fotoarchiv.
Medium: Slate
Size: Height 25 in.
Title: Palette of King Narmer (front and back)
Artist: n/a
Date: c BCE

13. Pyramids of Menkaure (c. 2470 BCE), Khafre (c. 2500 BCE), and Khufu (c
Pyramids of Menkaure (c BCE), Khafre (c BCE), and Khufu (c BCE).
Original height of Pyramid of Khufu 480 ft., length of each side at base 755 ft.

14. View of the Pyramids of Egypt and the Sphinx

15. Aerial view from back, facing city of Cairo, 2008

16. Pyramids of Egypt contain burial chambers for King and Queen

17. Greek Civilization Provided the basis for Western Civilization
Rise in democracy, philosophy, theatre and poetry
Generally divided into three periods:
Archaic period ( B.C.)
Classical period ( B.C.-death of Alexander the Great)
Hellenistic period (323 B.C. to 146 B.C.-most of Greece annexed by Rome)

18. The City-States of Ancient Greece.

19. The Greek orders, from James Stuart, The Antiquities of Athens. 1794.
A major contribution to architecture by ancient Greece is the development of three architectural orders, seen below.
The Greek orders, from James Stuart, The Antiquities of Athens
Chapter 15 page 353, fig. 460

20. The Acropolis today, viewed from the southwest, Athens, Greece.
Greek Classical Architecture located on the Acropolis (elevated hilltop, overlooking Mediterranean)
Parthenon, below
Designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates and dedicated to the goddess Athena
The Acropolis today, viewed from the southwest, Athens, Greece.

21. Aerial view of Acropolis in Athens, Greece

22. Parthenon, B.C.
Designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates and dedicated to the goddess Athena

23. Post-and-lintel construction is fundatmental to all Greek architecture
Parthenon, B.C.
Designed by Iktinos and Kallikrates and dedicated to the goddess Athena

24. Rendering of large scale sculpture of Athena by Phidias, originally located within the interior of the Parthenon

25. Phidian style- marked by naturalism of drapery and figures
Lo Relief Greek Sculpture
Source/Museum: Fragment of the Panathenaic Procession from the east frieze of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens. Musée du Louvre, Paris. Marburg/Art Resource, New York.
Medium: Marble
Size: Height approx. 43 in.
Title: Maidens and Stewards
Artist: n/a
Date: 447 – 438 BCE

26. Classical
Period
Source/Museum: From the balustrade of the Temple of Athena Nike. Acropolis Museum, Athens, Greece/Spiros Tselentis/Super Stock.
Medium: Marble
Size: Height 42 in.
Title: Nike
Artist: n/a
Date: c BCE

27. Contrapposto pose gave figures a greater degree of naturalism and realism
Classical Period also characterized by idealization of the figure and restrained emotion
Source/Museum: Roman copy of an original Greek bronze by Lysippos. Vatican Museums & Galleries, Rome/Canali Photobank, Milan/SuperStock.
Medium: Marble
Size: Height 6 ft. 8 ½ in.
Title: Apoxyomenos (The Scraper)
Artist: n/a
Date: c BCE

28. Hellenistic Period
Source/Museum: Musée du Louvre, Paris. Hirmer Fotoarchiv. Giraudon/Art Resource.
Medium: Marble
Size: Height approx. 8 ft.
Title: Nike of Samothrace
Artist: n/a
Date: c. 190 BCE

29. Source/Museum: Roman copy, perhaps after Agesander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus of Rhodes. The Vatican Musuem, Rome.
Medium: Marble
Size: Height 7 ft.
Title: The Laocoön Group
Artist: n/a
Date: 1st century CE

30. Roman Art Conquered Greece in 146 B.C.
Conquered Etruscans and rebuilt their cities during 2nd and 3rd century B.C.
Roman Art influenced by both civilizations
Their art reflects their imperialistic politics
Between 5th and 2nd century B.C., Romans conquered nearly all of Mediterranean to create the Roman Empire

32. Roman Sculpture
Source/Museum: Vatican Museums & Galleries, Rome/Canali Photobank, Milan/SuperStock.
Medium: Marble
Size: Height 6 ft. 8 in.
Title: Augustus of Primaporta
Artist: n/a
Date: c. 20 BCE

33. Compare and contrast Roman style for sculpting human figure to Greek Classical style for sculpting figure
Source/Museum: Roman copy of an original Greek bronze by Lysippos. Vatican Museums & Galleries, Rome/Canali Photobank, Milan/SuperStock.
Medium: Marble
Size: Height 6 ft. 8 ½ in.
Title: Apoxyomenos (The Scraper)
Artist: n/a
Date: c BCE

34. Roman Relief Sculpture
Title: Marcus Agrippa with imperial family (south frieze), detail of the Ara Pacis
Artist: n/a
Date: 13-9 CE
Source/Museum: Museum of the Ara Pacis, Rome. Scala/Art Resource, New York.
Medium: Marble
Size: Height 5 ft. 3 in.

35. The major Roman contribution is the development of the arch and the use of concrete
Chapter 15 page 354 and 355

36. Barrel vault (top) and groined vault (bottom) construction.
Chapter 15 page 354 and 355

37. The Colosseum (aerial view). 72–80 CE.

38. Barrel-vaulted gallery, ground floor of the Colosseum.

39. Exterior, Pantheon. 117–125 CE.
Chapter 15, page 356

40. Interior, Pantheon. 117–125 CE. Chapter 15, page 356
Continuous arch rotated 360 degrees
Built as a temple
to the gods
142’ high dome
set on cylindrical
Wall 140’ in diameter
Interior, Pantheon. 117–125 CE.
Chapter 15, page 356

42. Constructed as a memorial to the Emperor Titus after his death
Triumphal Arch- composed of a barrel vault enclosed within a rectangle; decorated with columns and sculpture
The Arch of Titus. c. 81 CE.
height 50 ft., width 44 ft. 4 in.