1. Human Pop. Review

2. 11. Which of the following statements regarding developed countries and developing countries is true?
Developed countries are home to twice as many people as developing countries.
Developed countries are home to four times as many people as developing countries.
Developed countries have more rapid population growth rates than developing countries.
Developed countries have lower per capita GNPs than developing countries.
Developed countries generally have safer water supplies.

3. 14. Human population growth over the last 4,000 years can best be described as
linear
negative
oscillating
inverted
exponential

4. 16. If a nation has a growth rate 3
16. If a nation has a growth rate 3.5 %, how many years will it take for the population to double in size?
2 years
10 years
20 years
35 years
350 years

5. 21. In the equation, I = P A T, I represents:
resource technology
inertia of a population
introduced species
environmental impact of a population
infant mortality

6. 145. An r-selected species generally:
has a low biotic potential
is small and short lived
gives much parental care to its offspring
survives to reproduce
lives in a stable environment

7. 216. A country currently has a population of 200 million and an annual growth rate of 3.0%. If the growth rate remains constant, after 70 years, the population will be approximately:
260 million
500 million
600 million
800 million
1600 million

8. 217. In 1999, Australia had a crude birth rate of 14 and a crude death rate of 7. Based on these figures, the annual rate of increase or decrease, expressed as a percent, equals:
0.007%
0.07%
0.7%
7.0%
70.0%

9. 218. Determine the growth rate for a population of 100,000 people when there were 450 births, 80 deaths, 70 immigrants, and 40 emigrants in a given year:
0.04%
0.4%
4.0%
40.0%
400.0%

10. 219. Which of the following are considered the two most useful indicators of overall health in a country or region?
birth rate and death rate
replacement-level fertility and total fertility rate
life expectancy and death rate
life expectancy and infant mortality rate
birth rate and infant mortality rate

11. 222. Demographic Transition refers to:
a requirement for a population to reach a specific size before it becomes stable
The slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches the carrying capacity.
The changes in the growth, birth rate, and death rate which a nation experiences as it goes through industrialization.
The decline in death rates that occurred when the germ theory of disease was discovered.
Migration from overpopulated nation’s different countries, mainly MDC’s.

12. 226. In 1999, Denmark had a crude birth rate of 13 and a death rate of 11. Based on these figures, the annual rate of increase or decrease, expressed as a percent, would equal:
20.0%
2.0%
0.2%
0.02%
0.002%

13. 229. Which of the following statements is false?
Replacements-level fertility is higher in developing countries than in developed countries.
Under ideal conditions where all children survive to reproductive age, replacement-level fertility will equal two.
Replacement-level fertility is generally higher than two because some children die before they reach reproductive age.
Higher infant mortality rates are responsible for lower values of replacement-level fertility in developed countries.
Higher infant mortality rates are responsible for higher values of replacement-level fertility in developing countries.

14. 283. What are the environmental disadvantages of urbanization?
Lack of trees and food production
Cities have better water
Citizens in cities tend to have more health problems
I only
II only
III only
I and III only
I, II, and III

15. 289. To support the growing human population, we have greatly modified earth’s natural systems. All of the following are ways that humans have had a negative affect on earth EXCEPT:
fragmenting and degrading species habitat
recycling resources
overharvesting renewable resources
altering chemical cycling and energy flows in ecosystems
eliminating some predator species

16. 415. Which of the following is not an advantage of an industrial society?
Lower infant mortality
Higher standard of living
Lower population growth
Groundwater depletion
Mass production of useful and affordable prices.

17. HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH: A BRIEF HISTORY
The human population has grown rapidly because of the expansion of agriculture and industrial production and lower death rates from improvements in hygiene and medicine.
In 2006, the population of developed countries grew exponentially at 0.1% per year.
Developing countries grew (15 times faster at 1.5% per year.

18. FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN POPULATION SIZE
Population increases because of births and immigration and decreases through deaths and emigration.
Instead of using raw numbers, crude birth rates and crude death rates are used (based on total number of births or deaths per 1,000 people in a population).

19. Age Structure: Young Populations Can Grow Fast
How fast a population grows or declines depends on its age structure.
Prereproductive age: not mature enough to reproduce.
Reproductive age: those capable of reproduction.
Postreproductive age: those too old to reproduce.

20. Exponential and Logistic Population Growth: J-Curves and S-Curves
Populations grow rapidly with ample resources, but as resources become limited, its growth rate slows and levels off.
Figure 8-4

21. Population Density and Population Change: Effects of Crowding
Population density: the number of individuals in a population found in a particular area or volume.
A population’s density can affect how rapidly it can grow or decline.
e.g. biotic factors like disease
Some population control factors are not affected by population density.
e.g. abiotic factors like weather

22. Declining Fertility Rates: Fewer Babies per Women
The average number of children that a woman bears has dropped sharply.
This decline is not low enough to stabilize the world’s population in the near future.
Replacement-level fertility: the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves.
Total fertility rate (TFR): the average number of children a woman has during her reproductive years.

23. Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Fertility Rates
The number of children women have is affected by:
The cost of raising and educating them.
Availability of pensions.
Urbanization.
Education and employment opportunities.
Infant deaths.
Marriage age.
Availability of contraception and abortion.

24. Factors Affecting Death Rates
Death rates have declined because of:
Increased food supplies, better nutrition.
Advances in medicine.
Improved sanitation and personal hygiene.
Safer water supplies.
U.S. infant mortality is higher than it could be (ranked 46th world-wide) due to:
Inadequate pre- and post-natal care for poor.
Drug addiction.
High teenage birth rate.

25. Expanding Rapidly Expanding Slowly Stable Declining
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Expanding Rapidly
Guatemala
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
Expanding Slowly
United States
Australia
Canada
Stable
Spain
Portugal
Greece
Declining
Germany
Bulgaria
Italy
Figure 9.9
Generalized population age structure diagrams for countries with rapid (1.5–3%), slow (0.3–1.4%), zero (0–0.2%), and negative population growth rates (a declining population). Populations with a large proportion of its people in the prereproductive ages of 1–14 (at left) have a large potential for rapid population growth. QUESTION: Which of these diagrams best represents the country where you live? (Data from Population Reference Bureau)
Prereproductive ages 0–14
Reproductive ages 15–44
Postreproductive ages 45–85+
Fig. 9-9, p. 179

26. Zero Population Growth- When the number of births, equals the number of deaths. No growth in the population. Total Fertility Rate- an estimate of the average number of children a women will have during her childbearing years.

27. Replacement-level fertility- the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves. It is slightly higher than two children per couple. (2.2 in developed countries and as high as 2.5 in some developing countries) It is greater in countries w/ high infant mortality rates than in countries w/ low infant mortality rates

28. Growth rate
(Birth rate-death rate) + (immigration – emigration) / 1000
If a population of 10,000 experiences 100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants and 30 emigrants in a year, what is the net annual percentage growth rate?

29. Rule of 70’s 70/ growth rate = doubling time (daily)
72/ growth rate = doubling time (years)
If a population of a country grows at a rate of 5% a year, the number of years required for the pop to double is what?

30. China’s Family Planning Program
Currently, China’s TFR is 1.6 children per women.
China has moved 300 million people out of poverty.
Problems:
Strong male preference leads to gender imbalance.
Average population age is increasing.
Not enough resource to support population.

31. Birth rate and death rate Relative population size
Stage 1
Preindustrial
Stage 2
Transitional
Stage 3
Industrial
Stage 4
Postindustrial
High
Birth rate
Birth rate and death rate
(number per 1,00 per year)
Relative population size
Death rate
Figure 9.14
Generalized model of the demographic transition. There is uncertainty over whether this model will apply to some of today’s developing countries. QUESTION: At what stage is the country where you live?
Total population
Low
Low
Increasing
Very high
Decreasing
Low
Zero
Negative
Growth rate over time
Fig. 9-14, p. 183

32. Environmental Impact Equation (Paul Ehrlich Formula)
Population X affluence X technology = Environmental impact

33. Reasons for World Hunger Issues
Unequal distribution of available food
Loss of arable land
Increasing population growth rate
Increasing poverty in developing countries

34. Reasons the human population has been so dramatic in the last century
The Industrial Revolution
Modern Medicine

35. Strategies for ensuring adequate nutrition for a growing population:
Increase the number of new food crops from a diversity of plant species
Distribute food more equitably
Increase land are that is dedicated to grain production rather than meat production
Assist developing countries in efficient crop irrigation systems.

36. SOLUTIONS: INFLUENCING POPULATION SIZE
Family planning has been a major factor in reducing the number of births and abortions throughout most of the world.
Women tend to have fewer children if they are:
Educated.
Hold a paying job outside the home.
Do not have their human right suppressed.

37. SOLUTIONS: INFLUENCING POPULATION SIZE
The best way to slow population growth is a combination of:
Investing in family planning.
Reducing poverty.
Elevating the status of women.

38. Factors that affect birth & fertility rates
Educational & employment opportunities
Infant mortality rate
Average age at marriage
Availability of reliable birth control
Importance of kids in labor force
Urbanization
Cost of raising & educating kids
Availability of private & public pensions
Religious beliefs, traditions & cultural norms

39. Annual Rate of Natural Population Change (%)=
Birth rate – Death rate
1,000 people x 100