1. PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Chapter 16 & 17

2. _______________ traits are controlled by two or more genes.
A bell shaped curve is
typical of polygenic traits
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006

3. The ___________ of individuals near each other will not be very different, but fitness may vary from one end of curve to the other.
Where fitness varies,
________________
can act!
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006

4. Natural selection can affect the
distribution of phenotypes in 3 ways:
_____________ selection

5. DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006
DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
KEY
Low mortality,
high fitness
High mortality,
low fitness
Food becomes scarce.
Individuals at _____________ of the curve
have higher fitness than individuals in
middle or at other end.
Graph shifts as some individuals fail to survive at one end
and succeed and reproduce at other

6. EXAMPLE OF DIRECTIONAL SELECTION
Beak size varies in a population
Birds with bigger beaks can feed
more easily on harder, thicker
shelled seeds.
Suppose a food shortage causes small and medium size seeds to
run low.
Birds with bigger beaks would be
selected for and increase in numbers
in population.

7. STABILIZING SELECTION
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006
STABILIZING SELECTION
Individuals in _____________ of the curve
have higher fitness than individuals at
either end
Graph stays in same place but narrows as more organisms
in middle are produced.

8. EXAMPLE OF STABILIZING SELECTION
Human babies born with low birth
weight are less likely to survive.
Babies born too large have difficulty being born.
Average size babies are selected for.

9. STABILIZING SELECTION
Section 16-2
Stabilizing Selection
Male birds with
showier, brightly-
colored plumage
also attract
predators, and are
less likely to live
long enough to
find a mate.
The most
fit, then, is the male
bird in the middle--
showy, but not too
showy.
Male birds use their plumage to attract mates. Male birds in the population with less brilliant and showy plumage are less likely to attract a mate, while male birds with showy plumage are more likely to attract a mate.
Key
Low mortality, high fitness
High mortality, low fitness
Selection against both extremes keep curve narrow and in same place.
Percentage of Population
Brightness of
Feather Color
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006

10. DISRUPTIVE SELECTION Individuals at _____________ of the curve
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006
DISRUPTIVE SELECTION
Individuals at _____________ of the curve
have higher fitness than individuals in middle.
Can cause graph to split into two.
Selection creates __________________PHENOTYPES

11. EXAMPLE OF DISRUPTIVE SELECTION
Suppose bird population lives in area
where climate change causes medium
size seeds become scarce while large
and small seeds are still plentiful.
Birds with bigger or smaller beaks
would have greater fitness and the
population may split into TWO
GROUPS. One that eats small
seeds and one that eats large seeds.

12. Large scale evolutionary patterns and processes that occur over long periods of time = ________________________
_______________________
________________________

13. Mass Extinctions
At several times in Earth’s history large numbers of species became extinct at the same time
Caused by several factors:
erupting volcanoes
Plate tectonics (continents were moving)
Sea levels were changing
Asteroids hitting the Earth
Global climate change

14. At the end of the _______________ ERA
Example:
At the end of the _______________ ERA
More than HALF of all plants and animals were wiped out… including the dinosaurs

15. Effects of mass extinctions: _____________ and provides opportunities
for ______________species
After mass extinctions there is often a
___________________ that produces many
__________________
EX: Cenozoic era that followed
= “_______________”
Mammals species
increased dramatically
remaining
Image from: BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006

16. ____________________________________
When a single species or small group of species has evolved through ___________________ into diverse forms that live in different ways =
____________________________________
adaptive radiation OR divergent evolution
Ex:
Galápagos finches
More than a dozen species evolved from one species

17. Sometimes different organisms evolution in different places or at different times but in _________________________ environments…and end up looking very similar.
Process by which unrelated organisms come to resemble each other = _______________________

18. Example:
Sharks, penguins, dolphins have all developed ________________ and appendages to move through water.

19.
The process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time
= __________________
See many examples of coevolution

20. How fast does evolution operate?
Darwin believed evolution
happened slowly over a
long time
If biological change is at a slow pace, it is called _____________.

21. Fossil record shows evolution happens more in _____.
Pattern of a long stable period interrupted by a brief period of more rapid change
=____________
bursts

22. Rapid evolution after long periods of equilibrium
can occur for several reasons:
1) Happens when a small population is ____________ from the main population OR
2) A small group ________________to a new environment (like Galápagos finches)

23. ARE THERE ANY CONDITIONS IN WHICH EVOLUTION WILL NOT OCCUR?
IS THERE A WAY TO TELL IF THIS IS HAPPENING?
__________________________
Graph from BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publshing©2006

24. Hardy & Weinberg
Who?
Godfrey Hardy
Wilhelm Weinberg
They developed an equation that predicted the relative frequency of alleles in a population based on the frequency of the phenotypes in a population.

25. Gene Frequency & the Hardy-Weinberg Equation
p pq + q2 = 1
p2 = the frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
2pq = the frequency of heterozygous genotype
q2 = the frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

26. HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE = allele frequency in a population will remain __________ unless one or more ________ cause the frequency to __________.
In a situation in which allele frequencies remain constant
( = _________________ )
populations will NOT EVOLVE!

27. 5 CONDITIONS REQUIRED TO
MAINTAIN GENETIC EQUILIBRIUM
FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
5. _________________________

28. RANDOM MATING = ____________of the population must have an equal opportunity to produce
offspring
If some organisms are more likely to reproduce than others, the alleles in the population change.

29. LARGE POPULATIONS In small populations, changes can happen due to _________ instead of natural selection.

30. Organisms take their alleles with them where ever they go.
NO MOVEMENT IN OR OUT
Organisms take their alleles with them where ever they go.

31. Mutations add new alleles to gene pool.
NO MUTATION
Mutations add new alleles to gene pool.

32. NO NATURAL SELECTION
If some organisms are more likely to survive than others, the alleles in the population change.

33. In some populations, these conditions
may be met or nearly met over long
periods of time, and little or no
________ occurs.
BUT in most populations it is _______
for ____ conditions of Hardy-Weinberg
to be met.
In MOST populations . . .
EVOLUTION happens !

34.
LATEST DISCOVERIES IN SCIENCE: WAS LAMARCK RIGHT AFTER ALL? Can ACQUIRED TRAITS be inherited? ?

35. REMEMBER: EPIGENETICS
Prader-Willi syndrome- Born floppy and pale; Mildly retarded; Obesity;Tiny hands and feet; Short stature Underdeveloped sex organs, Spectacular temper tantrums especially if refused food
Angelman syndrome - spontaneous laughter, jerky movements, severe retardation; and other motor and mental symptoms.
Both missing same piece of chromosome #15
Prader- Willi- paternal piece missing Angelman – maternal piece missing
Difference is due to genomic imprinting

36. Addition or removal or “methyl tags” may be influenced by environment
GENOMIC IMPRINTING:
Addition or removal or “methyl tags” may be influenced by environment
Twins start with same methyl tags but become more different with age
Agouti rats – changing diet of pregnant mom can change expression of genes
VIDEO

37. maybe you can inherit some acquired traits!
SO WHAT?
If things you do can change the way your genes are expressed , then …..
maybe you can inherit some acquired traits!
Can your choices affect your kids’ and grandkids’ epigenome?