1. LIFESPAN NUTRITIONAL NEEDS.
>>Nutrition is needed for survival. The nutritional needs of every individual varies depending on many factors but there are different guidelines on the recommended daily intake of foods that will provide the daily needs. The nutritional needs changes throughout the different stages of life. Some nutrients requirements increase with age but some also decrease. This presentation will expound on the significant nutritional needs at different life stages which include infancy, teenage, adulthood, late adulthood, and during pregnancy. The mentioned recommendation are for active healthy individuals. Some individuals with special energy or caloric requirements needs due to some reasons such as any illness have different requirements.
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2. INFANTS BOYS GIRLS Nutrients 0-6 MONTHS 7-12 MONTHS
Estimated Energy Requirements
kcal/day
kcal/day
Continuation…..
Vitamin B12
0.4 μg
0.5 μg
Folate
65 μg
80 μg
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
0.2 mg
0.3 mg
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
0.4 mg
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
0.1 mg
Niacin
2 mg
4 mg
Calcium
210 mg
270 mg
Iron
0.27 mg
11 mg
Zinc
5 mg
Fluoride
0.01 mg
0.5 mg
Sodium mg
Nutrients
0-6 MONTHS
7-12 MONTHS
CARBS
60 g
95 g/day
PROTEIN
9.1 g
11 g/day
LIPIDS
31 g
30 g/day
Vitamin D
5 μg (200 IU)
Vitamin A (Retinol)
400 μg
500 μg
Vitamin E
4 mg
5 mg
Vitamin K
2.0 μg
2.5 μg
Vitamin C
40 mg
50 mg
>>The precise nutrient requirement applicable to all infants can be difficult to define for the reason that each infant is unique. Infants differ in the amount of nutrients ingested and stored, body composition, growth rates, and physical activity levels.
The caloric requirements of every infant depends on many factors, including body size and composition, metabolic rate , physical activity, size at birth, age, sex, genetic factors, energy intake, medical conditions, ambient temperature, and growth rate.
The following tables show the average daily requirements of infants.
>>The estimated energy requirements for infants is a bit higher among the males. The daily energy requirement however should balance energy expenditure at a level of physical activity consistent with normal development and allow for deposition of tissues at a rate consistent with health of the infant. That means, the actual daily energy requirement of an infant can vary depending on the differences.
>>The major type of carbohydrate normally consumed by young infants is lactose, the carbohydrate source in breast milk and cow's milk-based infant formula. Lactose-free infant formulas, such as soy-based infant formulas, provide carbohydrates in the form of sucrose, corn syrup, or corn syrup solids. These infant formulas are prescribed to infants who cannot metabolize lactose or galactose, a component of lactose. Some specialty infant formulas contain other carbohydrates in the form of modified corn starch, tapioca dextrin, or tapioca starch.
>>Milk is known as a complete food and that includes breast milk and other infant formula which is the main source of the protein and all the required vitamins and minerals needed by the infant. . Milk contain also contain Vit. D but, sunshine is the most practical source of such vitamin. Other infant’s supplementary foods are the other sources of the daily energy requirements of an infant.
>>The average daily nutritional needs of an infant aging 0-6 months and 7-12 months are shown in the tables.

3. TEENAGERS Daily Req. BOYS GIRLS ENERGY REQUIREMENTS 2900 KiloCal
MEAT,POULTRTY,EGG,FISH
1 SERVING
1 SERVINGS
CARBOHYDRATES
SERVINGS
VEGETABLES & LEGUMES
4 SERVINGS
MILK & DAIRIES
3 SERVINGS
FRUITS
CALCIUM
1, mg
1,050 – 1300 mg
IRON mg
8 – 15 MG
>>Energy requirements for teenagers vary depending on age, gender, body size and activity levels. Teenage years are critical period for growth and development thus energy requirements needs to be taken in sufficient amount that will meet the daily body needs. The data presented on the table are recommendations for healthy teenagers aged years old with standardised weight, and height. As you can see, the recommended numbers of daily servings are the same for both boys and girls though the average caloric requirements vary. The figures on the table are provided as healthy eating guidelines for the teenagers. Girls need more iron that is because at such age, girls may start to loose blood due to menstrual period.
>> Protein sources aside from milk include meat, poultry, fish and eggs, nuts and legume group. Example of 1 serving from these sources are as follows: 65 – 100 grams cooked meat or chicken, 2 small chops, 2 slices of roast meat, 1/2 cup of cooked dried beans, 80 – 120 grams of fish fillet, 1/2 cup of nuts, or 2 small eggs.
>>Carbohydrates sources include bread, cereals, rice, pastas, and noodles group. An example of one serving are as follows: 2 slices of bread, 1 medium bread roll, a cup of cooked rice, pasta or noodles and 1 1/3 cup of breakfast cereal flakes.
>>Vegetable 1 serving examples are as follows: 1/2 cup cooked vegetables, 1/2 cup cooked dried beans, peas, lentils or canned beans, 1 cup salad vegetables or 1 small potato.
>>Examples of 1 serving of fruits are as follows: 1 medium apple, 2 small pieces of fruit such as apricots, kiwi fruit, plums, 1 cup of diced fruit pieces or canned fruit, 1/2 cup of fruit juice, or 1 1/2 tablespoons of sultanas.
>>An example of one serving of milk and dairies are as follows: 250 ml of milk, 250 ml of calcium fortified soy beverages, 40 g or two 2 slices of cheese, and 200 g 1 small carton or cup of yoghurt.

4. ADULTS Daily Req. MALE FEMALE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS 2,400 KiloCal
MEAT,POULTRTY,EGG,FISH
1 SERVING
1 SERVINGS
CARBOHYDRATES
SERVINGS
4 - 9 SERVINGS
VEGETABLES & LEGUMES
5 SERVINGS
MILK & DAIRIES
2 SERVINGS
FRUITS
PROTEIN
52 – 64 grams
37 – 46 grms
DIETARY FIBERS
31 – 50 grams
25 g
IRON
8- 18 mg
FOLATE
320 microgram
SODIUM
460 – 920 mg mg
WATER
2.6 liters
2.1 liters
>> The energy requirements for adults also vary depending on age, gender, body size and activity levels. The energy requirement generally decline with age but the individual activity may make variation of the requirements. The figures on the table are provided as healthy eating guidelines for adults aging years. The recommended number of food servings and the specific requirements of the important nutrients are shown in the table. The amount of servings can vary depending on many factors especially the activities that requires energy expenditure.
>>The daily energy requirement of male adults just as with the other ages is more than the females.
>>The iron and folate needs of females are specifically included for the reason that female adults are in child-bearing age and blood loss due to menstrual period and child-bearing associated events requires more iron and folate.

5. OLDER ADULTS Daily Req. MALE FEMALE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
2, KiloCal
1,800 KiloCal
MEAT,POULTRTY,EGG,FISH
1 SERVING
1 SERVINGS
CARBOHYDRATES
SERVINGS
4 - 9 SERVINGS
VEGETABLES & LEGUMES
5 SERVINGS
MILK & DAIRIES
2 SERVINGS
FRUITS
PROTEIN
52 – 65 grams
37 – 46 grms
DIETARY FIBERS
25 grams
25 g
CALCIUM mg
1,100 – 1300 mg
IRON
6 – 8 mg
5 – 8 MG
VITAMIN D
10 Micrograms
SODIUM
460 – 920 mg mg
zinc
12-14 mg
6.5 – 8 mg
WATER
2.6 liters
2.1 liters
>>Just as with the younger age, energy requirements for older adults also vary depending on age, gender, body size and activity levels. The energy requirement generally decline with age but the individual activity may make variation of the requirements. The figures on the table are provided as healthy eating guidelines for older adults aging years. The recommended number of food servings and the specific requirements of the important nutrients are shown in the table.
>>The daily energy requirement of older adults decreases with age as the BMR is reduced, owing to a fall in the fat-free mass, from an average of 60 kg to 50 kg in men and from 40 kg to 35 kg in women.. The energy and caloric needs of the males are more higher than the females.
>>Protein is very important for the healing and maintenance of the body tissues. In normal conditions, the protein requirement increases with age.
>>Fiber intake is very important among the older adults for a healthy digestive system. Wholegrain, cereals, fruits and vegetables are good sources of fibers.
>>Since high prevalence of osteoporosis in older adults, daily calcium intake is highly recommended. More is needed by the females as low estrogen level after the menopausal stage increases the risk of osteoporosis.
>>Iron intake is very important as well especially to older adults with lower energy intake which can develop iron deficiency. Females however no longer require to take iron on the amount the same during the child-bearing age as there no more blood loss through menstrual period. Taking Vitamin C is also advised as it will enhance the iron absorption.
>>Vitamin D supplements may be required because older adults often lack exposure to sunlight.
>>Older adults are at risk of developing condition such as high blood pressure, heart diseases, osteoporosis, etc. thus they need to moderate their salt or sodium intake and must watch out the sodium content of what they eat and drink.
>>Zinc is important for wound healing and immune functions thus older adults needs to have the required daily intake of this mineral. Good sources include meat, liver, fish and eggs.
>>Water is life and water is essential for good health. Inadequacy of water intake can lead to many problems thus older adults need to have an adequate daily water intake.

6. DURING PREGNANCY ENERGY REQUIREMENTS MEAT,POULTRY,EGG,FISH
2,700 KiloCal
MEAT,POULTRY,EGG,FISH
1 ½ SERVINGS
CARBOHYDRATES
4 – 6 SERVINGS
VEGETABLES & LEGUMES
5 – 6 SERVINGS
MILK & DAIRIES
2 SERVINGS
FRUITS
4 SERVINGS
DIETARY FIBERS- High fibers
WATER liters or more
IRON – 27 mg
FOLATE micrograms
ZINC mg
Vit. C mg or more
In pregnant women the energy requirements generally increases because of the growing unborn baby and placenta. Expectant mothers need to be particular with a highly nutritional and sufficient food intake. The recommended daily food servings and the significant nutrients are specifically listed.
>>Due to fetal and hormonal effects, pregnant women are proned to development of constipation. High dietary fibers are very important s well as adequate fluids intake needs to be highly emphasized.
>>Taking the recommended intake of Folate and iron is very important as the pregnant mother is at a very high risk to the development of anemia due to an increasing fetal demand.
>>Zinc and Vitamin C are also needed which can boost the immune functions.
>> Other minerals and vitamins are also needed in amounts normally taken. Multivitamins are essential but taking Vitamins A, D, and B6 should be taken with care during pregnancy.

7. SUMMARY Nutritional needs at the different life stages changes.
Nutritional needs may vary individually due to different factors such as the height, body mass, and activities of individuals.
Needs of certain substances may increase or decrease with age.
Protein needs increase during growth and pregnancy .
Energy requirements during pregnancy increases.
Energy and caloric requirements of average male are generally higher than females.

8. REFERENCES
Chapter 1-nutritional needs of an infant. Retrieved May 21, 2008 from
Healthy eating at various life stages.Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Retrieved May 21, 2008 from