1. Rhetorical Appeals
Ethos: Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy.
Pathos: is an appeal to emotions, values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, OR fears and prejudices, on the other
Logos: speakers appeal to logos (reason) by offering clear, rational ideas. Appealing to logos means thinking logically – having a clear main idea and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back it up.

2. SOAPStone Subject: The main focus
Occasion: the time/place the text was written or spoken
Audience: who is being written or spoken to
Purpose: the goal the speaker/writer wants to achieve
Speaker: who is writing or speaking
Tone: “voice”