1. Memory Chapter 8 Memory is an indication that learning has persisted over time. Information Processing Models -Computers, connectionism/parallel distributed Components: 1. Encoding: Getting Information in 2. Storage: Retaining Information 3. Retrieval: Getting Information Out 4. Forgetting 5. Memory Construction

2. What was it?

3. Unconscious/automatic encoding
Information Processing Model = computational mind Storage: Sensory, Short-term and Long-term Processes: Encoding, Working memory, Retrieval and Forgetting
Unconscious/automatic encoding
Encoding
Retrieval
Events
Sensory
Memory
Long-term
Working
Memory
STM
Forgetting
Forgetting
Atkinson-Schiffrin (1968)

4. Memory encoding or retrieval Effortful = Conscious = on purpose = explicit Not exclusive but a continuum Automatic Unconscious = accidental = unplanned= implicit

5. Sensory Memory Very brief but has a HUGE capacity
Long-term
Memory
Working
Memory
Iconic
0.5 sec. long
Echoic
3-4 sec. long
Hepatic
< 1 sec. long
Encoding
Retrieval
Events
Encoding
Cocktail party effect: information goes to sensory memory to LTM then to Working memory

6. STM: The magical number seven plus or minus two
Working Memory (WM: active process); Short-term memory (STM; store box)
Sensory
Memory
Long-term
Encoding
Retrieval
Events
Working
OBJECTIVE 9| Describe the duration and working capacity of short-term memory.
STM: The magical number seven plus or minus two
Chunking: expanding STM/WM
Memory loss
DO some demos!

7. Working Memory in place of STM

8. Unlimited capacity store ?
Long-Term Memory
Long-term
Memory
Encoding
Sensory
Memory
Unlimited capacity store ?
Estimates on capacity range from 1000 billion to 1,000,000 billion bits of information (Landauer, 1986).
Working
Memory
Events
Encoding
Retrieval
OBJECTIVE 10| Describe the capacity and duration of long-term memory.
Synaptic Changes:
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) refers to synaptic enhancement after learning

9. NOTE: Autobiographical memory can be
Semantic (general) memory
Episodic (specific events) memory
NOTE: Autobiographical memory can be
either semantic (you know) or episodic (you remember)
Retrograde (before the event) Amnesia
Anterograde (after the event) Amnesia (Clive Wearing)

10. Flashbulb Memory A unique and highly emotional moment
can give rise to clear, strong, and persistent memory
This memory is susceptible to errors, but more persistent due to emotion, repeated telling, and meaningfulness
Stress Hormones:
Heightened emotions (stress related or otherwise) make stronger memories, but continued stress can disrupt memory.

11. Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables:
Encoding: Getting Information In One form is Basic Repetition = Rehearsal
Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables:
TUV YOF GEK XOZ

12. Encoding:
Levels of processing:
Semantic, acoustic, and visual

13. Techniques for encoding: (improving your memory)
Repeating and rehearsing
Mnemonics: Method of Loci, Peg-word system, Acronyms, Acrostics, Self-reference...
Chunking and WM expansion
Spacing effect and “savings” concept
Hippocampus:
Left side: verbal and Right side: visual and spatial

14. Encoding: Hierarchy and conceptual maps as Retrieval Cues
water
smell
hose
Fire Truck
fire
OBJECTIVE 15| Explain how retrieval cues help us access stored memories, and describe the process of priming.
smoke
truck
heat
red

15. Did you really forget it. OR did you not encode it. Draw a penny
Did you really forget it? OR did you not encode it? Draw a penny. Test your knowledge
What shape is it?
What color?
What images are on it?
Which way is his nose pointing
What words or phrases?
Are the words in capital letters or lower case?

16. Measuring and retrieving Memory
Recognition
Recall (Free recall and cued recall)
Priming

17. Retrieval: Context Effects and Mood-Congruency
Emotions, or moods can also serve as retrieval cues
Fred McConnaughey/ Photo Researchers

18. The serial position effect
A Primacy and recency effects
The wordlist examples

19. A reason for forgetting: Proactive and Retroactive Interference
Passwords, and lock combinations
OBJECTIVE 21| Contrast proactive and retroactive interference, and explain how they can cause retrieval failure.

20. Memory Errors Controversy: Sins or blessings?
Daniel Schacter’s book Seven Sins of Memory
Forgetting:
Transience,
Absent-mindedness (attention),
Blocking (tot, repression?) Repression: Defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
Distortion:
Misattribution (source),
Suggestible (commissions),
Bias (1st idea, rosy perspective)
Intrusion and not able to forget:
Persistence (Please go away!)

21. Memory is Constructive
Misinformation Effect:
Incorporating misleading information
into one's memory of an event.
Group A: How fast were the cars were going when they hit each other?
Group B: How fast were the cars were going when they smashed into each other?
Source Amnesia:
Attributing an event to the wrong source we have experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution).

22. Applications and implications
True and False Memories
How true is true? What is false?
Experiments
Creating false memories (and accusations)
Children's memory and the ACDs
Eyewitness identification mistakes
Using line-ups for identification
Using the cognitive interview

23. Conclusions about Memory and Childhood Abuse
Abuse and recall
Quoted from your text book
Incest and other sexual abuse happens
Injustice happens
Forgetting happens
Recovered memories are commonplace
Recovered memories under hypnosis or drugs are unreliable.
Memories of things happening before 3 years are unreliable
Memories whether real or false are emotionally upsetting
Most Traumatic memories are remembered at least partially.

24. Eyewitnesses and line-ups
Use the cognitive interview style
Open ended questions, rapport
Eyewitnesses are “sometimes” wrong
whole face vs. partial face recognition
cross-race biases
“pick the closest (comparison)vs. the one (sequential)”