1. U1C3 Developing a National Identity 1815-1860
U.S. History

2. Main Idea
At the end of the War of 1812, Americans had a growing sense of nationalism. A religious revival helped spur reform movements that sought to improve the lives of the poor in an increasingly urban and industrialized nation. Americans also continued to settle in the West, and by 1848, the nation’s borders extended to the Rio Grande and the Pacific Ocean.

3. Essential Question
What are the causes and effects of the Second Great Awakening and the nation’s expansion west?

4. 3.1 From Nationalism to Sectionalism
The Rise of Nationalism
The Monroe Doctrine: (1823) stated that the U.S. was off-limits to European colonization, essentially warning Europe to stay out of American affairs
Missouri Compromise: American nationalism spread by rapid settlement, but also caused controversy over slavery. Missouri admitted as slave state, Maine as free state, keeping the balance in the senate. This raised feelings of sectionalism (north and south).

5. Missouri Compromise, 1820
Missouri Compromise, 1820

6. The Age of Jackson Andrew Jackson elected 1828, first democrat
presidency characterized by conflict with Native Americans, conflict over national bank and increasing sectionalism
The Indian Removal Act: 1830, called for the relocation of the five nations (Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek) to an area west of the Mississippi River called Indian Territory; Native Americans forced to march west, hundreds of miles, facing exposure, malnutrition, and disease; due to Cherokee deaths, became known as the Trail of Tears; about 3,000 Seminole resisted and their descendants live in Florida today

7. Indian Removal, 183—1840s

8. The Industrial North
Industrial Revolution-Samuel Slater: 1793 first successful mill in U.S.; industrialization led to urbanization in north; by 1820 only 7% of Americans lived in cities, amount doubled within 30 years
Roads: by 1840 roads connected most cities and towns, promoting travel and trade
Canals: 1825-Erie Canal opened connecting Great Lakes and Atlantic; over next 30 years, 3,000 canals built in northeast
Railroads: became an important means of travel and transport; by 1840, 3,000 miles of track
Telegraph: 1840, Samuel Morse-most important communication advance of the Industrial Revolution

9. Textile Factory, Lowell, Mass., 1830s

10. Textile Factory, Lowell, Mass., 1830s

11. Cotton and the South
Cotton Gin: 1793-invented by Eli Whitney, separates the seeds from the usable cotton, made a huge impact on south, increasing cotton production and slavery
Slavery: increased in south due to cotton gin; million slaves, million or one third of south’s population; maintaining slavery meant everything to the economy in the south

12. Nationalism and Sectionalism
NORTH
Free States
Favored a strong
national
government
More nationalist
Urban
Industrial
Stronger transport
-ation network
BOTH
SOUTH
American
Slave states
culture
Favored states’
English
rights
Language
More sectionalist
Rural
Agricultural
Weaker transportation network
Dependent on slave labor

13. Religion Sparks Reform
3.2 A Push for Reform
Religion Sparks Reform
Second Great Awakening: 1820s/30s-new religious movement (First Great Awakening took place in American colonies in 1700s); followers told that through dedication and hard work, they could create a heaven on earth; tens of thousands began to reform American life
Reform Era: Key reforms- the temperance movement-to eliminate or lessen the use of alcohol; means “moderation”; education reforms- many children did not attend school at this time, reformers felt it was essential to democracy; prison reforms Dorothea Dix-helped create state-supported institutions for mentally ill
Transcendentalism: in New England, believed that knowledge is not only found by observation of the world but also by through reason, intuition, and personal spiritual experiences; key transcendentalists: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau

14. Early Immigration and Urban Reform
Irish and German immigrants: by 1860, 3 million most Irish were poor, Germans could afford to travel inland to Midwest even Texas
manufacturing fields soar: manufacturing work rose from 5% of Americans to 30%
Labor movement began: 1837, Jackson implemented 10 hour workday for some federal employees, Martin Van Buren extended it to others in 1840

15. Women in the Reform Era
Women reformers: 1800s-the modern women’s movement began; women could not vote, hold public office, or serve on juries, married women were not allowed to own property; women played important roles in education & prison reforms and the temperance movement
movement rooted in Second Great Awakening; Bible reading groups evolved into social reform societies in 1830s & 40s
The Seneca Falls Convention: July 1848-first women’s rights convention held in America in Seneca Falls, New York; organized by Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton; major product of convention was the Seneca Falls Declaration signed by 68 women and 32 men, stated that “all men and women are created equal”

16. Elizabeth Cady Stanton

17. The Abolition Movement
life as a slave was barely tolerable; threatened by having families broken up; slaves found comfort in family, community bonds and religion
Nat Turner: slave uprising-murdered slave owner and his family, then killed dozens more white people in Southampton County Virginia; they were caught and hanged,
Underground Railroad: provided escapees with food, hiding places, and direction to next destination; famous conductor-Harriet Tubman; abolition movement spurred by Second Great Awakening
Frederick Douglass: supported women’s right movement, was a leading abolitionist

18. Frederick Douglass

19. 3.3 Expansion Leads to Conflict
Manifest Destiny
The belief that it was America’s God-given right to settle land all the way to the Pacific Ocean; three major trails west were the Santa Fe Trail, the Oregon Trail, and the Mormon Trail
The California Gold Rush: the mass migration to California of miners and businesspeople who made money from the miners; gold discovered in 1848 by John Sutter near his sawmill in northern California; people from as far away as Asia, South America, and Europe headed to California to strike it rich; 80,000 people moved to California in 1849, known as forty-niners; in 1850 California became the 31st state
Effects of western migration: railroad finally ran unbroken from east coast to west coast in 1869; the Oregon Treaty secured Oregon for U.S.; in 1861 the telegraph made the pony express obsolete; the greatest effect of western migration would be on Native Americans-their lives would be forever changed as more and more settlers moved west

21. Texas Independence
Texas 1820s: home to hundreds of Native American groups, Spain claimed Texas due to explorers crossing over it in 1500s; also had a few Spanish missions; Americans began moving in; Stephen F. Austin was first to colonize with about 400 families; during this time Mexico gained independence from Spain, and Mexico created rules for Texans to follow which they did not like, leading to Texas Revolution
Texas Revolution: Texas declared independence on March 2, 1836
The Alamo: most famous battel; it was a Spanish mission turned into a fort; Santa Anna laid siege with 1800 men; Mexicans killed all of the 200 defenders, including David Crockett
April 21 at Battle of San Jacinto, Santa Anna was forced to sign treaties recognizing the Republic of Texas as an independent country

24. Causes and Effects of the Mexican-American War
annexation of Texas
boundary dispute
manifest destiny and expansionism
EFFECTS
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexican Cession
Gadsden Purchase

25. War with Mexico
After annexing Texas, President Polk also wanted the western lands of California and New Mexico and sent John Slidell to Mexico City to buy it; the Mexicans did not want to sell the land so the war began on May 13, 1846 following a border dispute
General Stephen Kearny captured Santa Fe and the New Mexico territory
In California, rebels defeated a small Mexican force in Sonoma, declaring the Republic of California on June 14, 1846, known as Bear Flag Revolt; U.S. forces arrived a month later and took control of California
General Zachary Taylor advanced through northern Mexico
General Winfield Scott landed at Veracruz and marched to Mexico City
In a matter of months, U.S. forces captured New Mexico, California, and the Mexican capital of Mexico City
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: signed in 1848, ending the war, gave U.S. Texas, Mexican Cession including day states of New Mexico, California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming; gold was discovered the same year in California

26. The Mexican-American War, 1846-1848