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Biological Classification Why is it important?

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Presentation on theme: "Biological Classification Why is it important?"— Presentation transcript:

1 Biological Classification Why is it important?
We use classification in biology to organize the diversity of life to illustrate the relationships among living things to identify specific species to provide scientific names to organisms Without classification, it would be difficult to study life – think of the disorganized pile of clothes!

2 Biological Classification: Taxonomic Hierarchy
Note that Monera has been split into Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

3 By the end of class, you will be able to…
Explain the importance of a scientific naming system Evaluate organisms’ relatedness based on their taxonomic hierarchy List the 7 levels in the taxonomic hierarchy Give a brief overview of each of the six kingdoms

4 Modern Classification
Every year, thousands of new species are discovered.  Biologists classify newly discovered organisms with organisms having similar characteristics.  The way we group organisms continues to change Today these methods reflect the evolutionary history of organisms. SCIENTISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED MORE THAN 2 MILLION SPECIES OF ORGANISMS ON EARTH, BUT ESTIMATE 40 MILLION SPECIES INHABIT THE EARTH. SOME ESTIMATE THAT THERE MAY BE MILLIONS OF SPECIES IN THE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST AND AN UNSPECIFIED NUMBER LIVING IN THE OCEANS YET UNDISCOVERED.

5 Who started it? Carolus Linneus Botanist Mid-1700s Uses Latin names
Created a hierarchy Hierarchy = “tiered” or “layered” 7 levels 3 primary divisions: animal, plant, and mineral Latin: Language of the time + Universal

6 Today, we have 8 levels of classification.
 Not from Linneus.  Most general; many organisms Linneus – 7 levels Spinal cord Species: A group of organisms capable of interbreeding, who interbreed in their natural environment, and who produce fertile offspring. Mammary glands, fur, placenta Ask students to share their mnemonics for remembering the levels in order: KPCOFGS Go around the room having students repeat the hierarchy from most general to most specific Species: A group of organisms capable of interbreeding, who interbreed in their natural environment, and which produce fertile offspring Canine teeth Felines Large cats  Most specific ; 1

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8 Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Mammalia Class Order Carnivora
Point out similarities and differences at each level Urisdae Family Ursus Genus Species Ursus arctos

9 Where does that name come from?
Binomial nomenclature Developed by Linneus Latin Most specific way to name an organism Format: Genus species Genus is capitalized, species is lower case Name should be underlined or written in italics

10 Why use scientific names?
Universal – used everywhere Common names can be confusing Consider the pineapple. Is it a pine? Is it an apple? Which is more poisonous: the water moccasin or the cottonmouth? Raise your hand when you know what the following organism is: Snake: Agkistrodon piscivorus Pineapple: Ananas comosus

11 Raise your hand when you know…
Isopod Sow Bug Pill Bug Roly Poly Bug Scientific Name: Armadilidium vulgare

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13 Let’s bring it all together…
So, why is biological classification important? What are the 7 levels of the taxonomic hierarchy? Which are more closely related: organisms from the same genus or organisms from the same family? Why? Why do we use scientific names? After question 3: use more examples- phylum or order

14 Which are more closely related on the taxonomic hierarchy: a mushroom and a squirrel -OR- a mushroom and a daisy? Why? Bridge to kingdoms Trick question: both are different at the kingdom level. Hand out homework project

15 Intro to Kingdoms

16 Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF NUTRITION EXAMPLES Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular Autotroph or heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of chitin Most multicellular; some unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts Eukarya Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mosses, ferns, flowering plants Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals

17 Archaebacteria Often live in extreme environments Prokaryotic
Lack a distinct nucleus with nuclear membrane Unicellular Cell walls Do not contain peptidoglycan Can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

18 Eubacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell wall
Made of peptidoglycan Can be autotrophs or heterotrophs Evolved SEPARATELY from archaebacteria! How are they different from archaebacteria?

19 Protista Eukaryotic May be unicellular or multicellular
Membrane bound nucleus May be unicellular or multicellular Can be autotrophs or heterotrophs May have chloroplasts Cell wall may be present Made of cellulose What sets protists apart from archaebacteria? From eubacteria?

20 Fungi Eukaryotic Most multicellular, some unicellular Heterotrophic
Nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane Most multicellular, some unicellular Heterotrophic No chloroplasts Cell Wall Made of chitin

21 Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Cell Wall Autotroph
Nucleus with nuclear membrane Multicellular Cell Wall Made of cellulose Autotroph Contain chloroplasts

22 Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular No cell wall No chloroplasts
Nucleus with nuclear membrane Multicellular No cell wall No chloroplasts Heterotroph Comparison among kingdoms- what are the key distinguishing features in each? What separates them?


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