1. Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
The
Hundred
Years' War
( )
Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. Causes
of the
100 Years' War

3. 1. Controversy Over Succession
The French nobility selected Philip of Valois, a cousin of the last king through the male line.
He founded a new French dynasty that ruled through the 16c.
He was chosen in preference to King Edward III of England, whose mother was the daughter of the late king, Philip IV.
In 1340, Edward claimed the title “King of France.”

4. 2. Fr. Land Belonging to Br. Kings
A longer standing issue was the status of lands within France that belonged to English kings.
Edward was actually a vassal of Philip’s, holding sizable French territories as fiefs from the king of France [it went back to the Norman conquest].

5. 3. Conflict Over Flanders
The ‘dagger’ pointing at the ‘heart’ of England!
Wool industry.
Flanders wants its independence from French control.
Asks England for help.

6. 4. A Struggle for National Identity
France was NOT a united country before the war began.
The French king only controlled about half of the country.

7. The
War
Itself

8. Military Characteristics
The War was a series of short raids and expeditions punctuated by a few major battles, marked off by truces or ineffective treaties.
The relative strengths of each country dictated the sporadic nature of the struggle.

9. French Advantages Population of about 16,000,000.
Far richer and more populous than England.
At one point, the French fielded an army of over 50,000  at most, Britain mustered only 32,000.

10. British Advantages Weapons Technologies.
In almost every engagement, the English were outnumbered.
Britain’s most successful strategies:
Avoid pitched battles.
Engage in quick, profitable raids
Steal what you can.
Destroy everything else.
Capture enemy knights to hold for ransom.

11. The Longbow as a Weapon
The use of the English defensive position was the use of the longbow.
Its arrows had more penetrating power than a bolt from a crossbow.
Could pierce an inch of wood or the armor of a knight at 200 yards!
A longbow could be fired more rapidly.
6 arrows per minute.

12. The British Longbow: The Battle of Poitiers, 1356

13. Early English Victories

14. The Effective Use of the Cannon at Poitiers, 1356

15. French Confusion
The English captured the French king, John II [r ].
France was now ruled by the Estates General
A representative council of townspeople and nobles.
Created in 1355.
Purpose  to secure funds for the war.
In theory, the French king could not levy taxes on his own!!

16. The Jacquerie, 1358
In the confusion and unrest following the French disaster at Poitiers, this rural movement began.
It was a response to the longstanding economic and political grievances in the countryside worsened by warfare.
The rebels were defeated by aristocratic armies.

17. Trouble in England
Peasant Revolt in 1381 was put down by King Richard II [r ].
After charges of tyranny, Richard II was forced to abdicate in 1300.
Parliament elected Henry IV [r ], the first ruler from the House of Lancaster.
Henry avoided war taxes.
He was careful not to alienate the nobility.
Therefore, a truce was signed ending French and British hostilities [for the time being, at least].

18. King Henry V (r )
Renewed his family’s claim to the French throne.
At Agincourt in 1415, the English, led by Henry himself, goaded a larger French army into attacking a fortified English position.
With the aid of the dukes of Burgundy, Henry gained control over Normandy, Paris, and much of northern France!

19. A Burgundian Presence

20. Treaty of Troyes (1420)
Charles VI’s son [the future Charles VII], was declared illegitimate and disinherited.
Henry V married Catherine, the daughter of Charles VI.
Henry was declared the legitimate heir to the French throne!
A final English victory seemed assured, but both Charles VI and Henry V died in 1422.
This left Henry’s infant son, Henry VI [r ], to inherit BOTH thrones.

21. Height of English Dominance

22. The French “Reconquest”
The two kings’ deaths ushered in the final stage of the 100 Years’ War [ ].
Even though in 1428 the military and political power seemed firmly in British hands, the French reversed the situation.
In 1429, with the aid of the mysterious Joan of Arc, the French king, Charles VII, was able to raise the English siege of Orleans.
This began the reconquest of the north of France.

23. Cannons Used at Orleons

24. Joan of Arc ( )
The daughter of prosperous peasants from an area of Burgundy that had suffered under the English.
Like many medieval mystics, she reported regular visions of divine revelation.
Her “voices” told her to go to the king and assist him in driving out the English.
She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most charismatic and feared military leader!

25. Joan Born January 6, circa 1412 in Domremy, France
Parents were Jacques and Isabelle d’Arc
Born the middle of 5 children
Argumentative nature and incredible common sense.
Very religious from an early age

26. Began seeing visions at age 12 or 13 Verbal and visible
St. Catherine of Alexandria, St. Margaret of Antioch, and Archangel Michael
Directed her religious life until age 16

27. Charles of Ponthieu Based in the city of Bourges, surrounded
No money, poorly equipped army, doubting his inheritance.
Orleans under siege by English

28. Joan goes nearby to ask permission to travel.
Denied
3rd attempt successful
Dresses as a man for travel
Went to Chion through
375 miles of enemy territory
Meets with Charles
Myths and legends of meeting

29. Tries to convinces Charles she’s
divinely inspired
Sent to monastery
First ultimatum to the English
Suit of armor and battle standard
Sword

30. Reformed the army Charles had acquired
Expelled prostitutes, banned swearing, confession a requirement
Volunteers began pouring in from the neighboring villages
La Hire

31. Orleans April 25 Joan leads army asked again for English surrender
Headed for English-held church, St. Loup
Carried standard
asked again for English surrender
Took Bastille des Augustins and 2
towers
Wounded
Returned later at night

32. Victory Victory at Orleans led to increased support
Declared divinely inspired
Advised Charles
Travel to Reims to be crowned
In the middle of English-held
lands

33. Journey to the Crown Prediction of Troyes
Ordered positioning of troops
Troyes surrendered
Followed by all other cities
Charles crowned July 17, 1429
Family granted noble status

34. Paris Fighting on hold for weak truce July 23, 1430
Duke of Alencon and Joan head to retake Paris
Wounded
Charles orders retreat back to Reims

35. Capture Easter of 1431 voices warn Joan of capture
Before June 24
May 23, Joan defends Compiègne
Bridge is raised behind her
Sold to English by Jean de Luxembourg
Did Charles try to get her back?
4 campaigns to get her by La Hire

36. Trial February 21 – May 17 1431 Pierre Cauchon (English)
All assessors were English supporters or threatened
Held in secular military prison
Continued to wear men’s clothing

37. Trial Court tried to manipulate Joan
When Joan was asked what dialect her Voice spoke: "A better than yours." and when asked if she believed in God: "Yes, better than you." 
"If I am not, may God put me there; and if I am, may God so keep me. I should be the saddest creature in the world if I knew I were not in His grace"
Questioned about religious knowledge, fairy tree and her visions
Quickly moved into a private hearing
Convicted with the charge of cross-dressing
Prison account of eyewitness
Declared a “Relapsed Heretic”

38. Execution Described by numerous eyewitness accounts
“The day when Joan was burned, the wood was got ready to burn her before the sermon was finished or the sentence had been pronounced. And no sooner the sentence uttered by the bishop, without any delay, she was taken to the fire, and I did not see that there was any sentence pronounced by the lay judge.”
Maugier Leparmentier,
Apparitor of the archiepiscopal court

39. Tied to a pillar visible by the crowd in the marketplace of Rouen
Execution
Tied to a pillar visible by the crowd in the marketplace of Rouen
Cried out for Jesus
Many English were afraid of damnation for her burning.
Joan was 19 years old

40. Appeal After English were driven from France
Court deemed corrupt in 1456
Joan described as a martyr
Declared “Venerable” in 1904
“Blessed” in 1908
Canonized in 1920

41. Joan of Arc ( )
She brought inspiration and a sense of national identity and self-confidence.
With her aid, the king was crowned at Reims [ending the “disinheritance”].
She was captured during an attack on Paris and fell into English hands.
Because of her “unnatural dress” and claim to divine guidance, she was condemned and burned as a heretic in 1432.
She instantly became a symbol of French resistance.

42. Joan’s image and story used for
Today
Joan’s image and story used for
Popular culture
Anime, television shows, movies, comic books
During WWII to encourage women to support
Stamps and posters

45. The End of the War
Despite Joan’s capture, the French advance continued.
By 1450 the English had lost all their major centers except Calais.
In 1453 the French armies captured an English-held fortress.
This was the last battle of the war.
There was not treaty, only a cessation of hostilities.

46. France Becomes Unified!
France in 1453
France in 1337