1. Respiration

3. The Chemistry of Respiration
energy and mitochondria clip

4. Adenosine triphosphate
The energy released during respiration is not used directly by cells.
Instead it is used to make a molecule called ATP which stores the energy until it is needed.
ATP = Adenosine triphosphate

5. What does ATP do?
ATP supplies energy for all the processes that need it.
For example:
movement
chemical reactions
growth.
slow twitch/fast twitch investigation

6. Structure of ATP
adenosine Pi

7. Formation of ATP
ATP is made when another molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is bonded to a third inorganic phosphate (Pi) using the energy released from glucose.

8. adenosine + Pi adenosine Pi Enzymes Energy from respiration
Energy Rich bond formed

9. Summarised as: ADP + Pi ATP
The whole process is under the control of enzymes

10. The role of ATP
ATP stores the energy in the third bond of the molecule
The energy is released when that bond is broken to release the third inorganic phosphate (Pi) .

11. adenosine Pi
ATP
Enzymes Pi
adenosine +
ADP
Energy released to do work

12. Summary ATP energy (out)
cellular respiration
cell activities
ATP
ADP + Pi
energy
(out)
(in)
cellular respiration
cell activities
The whole process is an enzyme controlled reaction.

13. Aerobic respiration = respiration with oxygen.

14. glucose + OXYGEN energy + carbon dioxide + water (to make ATP)

16. Mitochondria
The matrix where 3-carbon pieces that came from carbohydrates are broken down to (CO2 and water)
The cristae is where ATP is made

17. Cellular Respiration
Is a series of reactions where fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, mostly glucose, are broken down to make CO2, water, and energy.

18. Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration is a metabolic process like burning fuel
Releases much of the energy in food to make ATP
This ATP provides cells with the energy they need to carry out the activities of life.
C6H12O6+O2 CO2 + H2O + ATP
1. g. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.
Mitochondria consist of a matrix where three-carbon fragments originating from carbohydrates are broken down (to CO2 and water) and of the cristae where ATP is produced. Cell respiration occurs in a series of reactions in which fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, mostly glucose, are broken down to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Most of the energy from cell respiration is converted into ATP, a substance that powers most cell activities.
1. i.* Students know how chemiosmotic gradients in the mitochondria and chloroplast store energy for ATP production.
Enzymes called ATP synthase, located within the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts and cristae membranes in mitochondria, synthesize most ATP within cells. The thylakoid and cristae membranes are impermeable to protons except at pores that are coupled with the ATP synthase. The potential energy of the proton concentration gradient drives ATP synthesis as the protons move through the ATP synthase pores. The proton gradient is established by energy furnished by a flow of electrons passing through the electron transport system located within these membranes.

19. Vocabulary
Cellular Respiration – the transfer of energy from an organic compound into ATP
Fermentation – the breakdown of carbohydrates by enzymes, bacteria, yeasts, or mold in the absence of oxygen
Pyruvate- an ion of a three-carbon organic acid called pyruvic acid.

20. Cellular Respiration Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose
Glycolysis Glucose is broken down to pyruvate during glycolysis, making 2 ATP. 13

21. Aerobic respiration happens in 2 stages:
Stage 1 – Glycolysis
glyco lysis
glucose splitting

22. Glycolysis

23. Cellular Respiration Stage Two: Production of ATP
Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules during aerobic respiration. 2 ATP are made.
Electron Transport Chain During aerobic respiration, large amounts of ATP are made in an electron transport chain. Making about 34 ATP. 14

24. Kreb’s Cycle

25. Electon Transport Chain
Uses FADH2 and NADH produced in kreb’s cycle to produce about 34 ATP.

27. Summary of ATP production
Stage 1 and 2 release all the chemical energy in one molecule of glucose to make a total of 38 ATP molecules.
2 molecules ATP from glucose  pyruvic acid
36 molecules ATP from pyruvic acid  carbon dioxide + water
Total 38 molecules ATP

28. Cellular Respiration Fermentation in the Absence of Oxygen
Fermentation When oxygen is not present, fermentation follows glycolysis, regenerating NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue.
Lactic Acid Fermentation In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactate. 15

29. Anaerobic Respiration (in animals)
anaerobic = in the absence of oxygen

30. In low oxygen conditions or during heavy exercise, when not enough oxygen can be supplied, muscle cells swap to anaerobic respiration

31. in absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid.
glucose
glycolysis still happens as it does not require oxygen
2 ADP + 2 Pi
2 ATP
pyruvic acid
in absence of oxygen pyruvic acid is turned into lactic acid.
lactic acid

32. A build up of lactic acid produces muscle fatigue
A build up of lactic acid produces muscle fatigue. Muscle fatigue makes muscles ache and contract less powerfully. A recovery period is needed. During this time more oxygen is taken in to convert the lactic acid back into pyruvic acid again. The volume of oxygen needed is called the oxygen debt.

33. Summary oxygen debt e.g. during hard exercise oxygen debt
glucose
pyruvic acid
oxygen debt
e.g. during hard exercise
oxygen debt
repaid during recovery time
lactic acid

34. ethanol + carbon dioxide
glucose
pyruvic acid
2 ADP + 2 Pi
2 ATP
glycolysis still happens, producing
2 ATP molecules
This time in absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is turned into carbon dioxide and ethanol
This is irreversible
ethanol + carbon dioxide

35. Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration
in animals
in plants and yeast
Oxygen required?
yes no
Glycolysis occurs
ATP yield
38ATP
2ATP
Glucose completely broke down?
End products
Carbon dioxide and water
Lactic acid
Ethanol and carbon dioxide