2. Bellwork What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide?
What would the complementary strand of DNA look like (nitrogen bases)?
A T G C C G T T A A C G
What would the complementary mRNA strand look like?

3. Agenda 1/5- Protein Synthesis
Bellwork
Build a Kid lab- 45 minutes only
Essential Question: How does DNA code for proteins? How does DNA determine the structure and function of an organism?
New information: Protein synthesis (transcription and translation)
HW- Protein Synthesis Coloring and Questions

4. Bellwork 1/6
The diagram below represents a small section of a DNA molecule. Which section of DNA represents the complementary strand to the section of DNA above? A. C. B. D.

5. Agenda 1/6- Protein Synthesis
Bellwork
Essential Question: How does DNA code for proteins? How does DNA determine the structure and function of an organism?
New information: Protein synthesis (transcription and translation)
Practice worksheet
HW- Protein Synthesis Coloring and Questions

6. DNA
Gene
Trait
Protein

7. Protein Synthesis Overview
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
DNA
DNA is the genetic material
within the nucleus.
Transcription
Transcription creates an
mRNA using DNA information.
RNA
Translation
Translation creates a
protein using RNA information.
Protein

8. Protein Synthesis Overview
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
DNA
Sections of DNA that code for
proteins are called GENES.
A Gene
GENES determine what
proteins are made and
therefore what traits an
organism has.
Transcription
RNA
A gene does not build proteins directly. It sends instructions in the form of mRNA which directs protein synthesis.
Translation
Protein

9. Two Types of Nucleic Acids
RNA
DNA
Number of strands
Usually single-stranded
Usually double-stranded
Nitrogen Bases
URACIL (instead of T), A, C, and G
THYMINE (instead of U), A, C, and G
Pentose Sugar
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Codes for…
Codes for proteins
Codes for RNA

10. Two types of nucleic acids
# of strands
kind of sugar
TRANSCRIPTION DIFFERS FROM REPLICATION IN THAT ONLY 1 STRAND OF THE DNA MOLEUCLE IS TRANSCRIBED AND THAT MEANS THAT THE RESULTING RNA MOLECULE IS SS
ALSO MRNA IS SHORT COMPARED TO A LARGE CHROMOSOME
bases used

11. Types of RNA mRNA = messenger RNA Made during transcription
Carries a complementary copy of the DNA code out of the nucleus for protein synthesis on a ribosome

12. Types of RNA mRNA = messenger RNA tRNA = transfer RNA
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis
Found in the cytoplasm
rRNA = ribosomal RNA

13. Transcription First the DNA is “unzipped”.
Complementary RNA nucleotides are added to the template strand, forming the new RNA molecule.
DNA
DNA coding strand 5’ G T C A T T C G G 3’ G
RNA 5’ U C A 3’ 3’
CALLED TRANSCRIPTION BECAUSE THE NUCLEIC ACID LANGUAGE OF DNA HAS TO BE REWRITTEN AS A SEQUENCE OF BASES ON RNA
ACTIVATED GENES DO NOT LEAVE THE NUCLEUS BECAUSE THE CYTOPLASM IS TOO HOSTIL
INSTEAD A MESSAGE IS CARRIED ON A STRAND OF MRNA
THE PROCESS OF MRNA FORMATION IS CALLED TRANSCRIPTION BECAUSE IN THE NUCLEUS THE MRNA IS TRANSCRIBED FROM THE DNA TEMPLATE C A G T A A G C C 5’
DNA template strand

14. TRANSCRIPTION RNA polymerase attaches
mRNA nucleotides to the DNA template:
Guanine to Cytosine
Cytosine to Guanine
Adenine to Thymine
Uracil to Adenine
RNA polymerase cannot attach Thymine G
RNA 5’ U C A 3’ C A G T A A G C C

15. What happens after transcription?
The new mRNA molecule (and DNA) has more information than is required for making the protein.
The parts that aren’t directly needed for making the protein are called INTRONS- they stay IN the nucleus.

16. What happens after transcription?
The new mRNA molecule (and DNA) has more information than is required for making the protein.
The parts that are needed for making the protein are called EXONS- they EXit the nucleus after being spliced together.

17. Translation
The process of reading the RNA sequence of an mRNA and creating the amino acid sequence of a protein.
DNA T C A G
template
strand
Transcription
mRNA A G U C
Messenger
RNA
Codon
Translation
THE GENETIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE AA SEQUENCE OF A POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN ARE WRITTEN IN DNA
AND TRANSCRIBED TO RNA AS A SERIES OF 3 BASE WORDS CALLED CODONS
TRIPLETS IN THE DNA ARE TRANSCRIBED INTO COMPLEMENTARY 3 BASE CODONS IN THE MRNA
AND THEN THE MRNA CODONS ARE TRANSLATED INTO AA THAT WILL MAKE UP A POPYPEPTIDE
Protein
Lysine
Serine
Valine
Polypeptide
(amino acid
sequence)

18. Transcription Translation CUC IS WHAT IS ON MRNA GAG GLUTAMIC ACID
THE TRNA MOLECULE BINDS TO THE MRNA MATCHING UP ITS COMPLEMENTARY ANTICODON TO THE MRNA CODON
GO OVER THIS OVERHEAD
Transcription
Translation

19. Agenda 1/7- Protein Synthesis
Bellwork- none
New Information: DNA, protein synthesis, and mutations
Essential Question: How do mutations affect protein synthesis? How do mutations affect traits?
Activity: How DNA controls the workings of the cell worksheet
HW- study (Test Monday)

20. Think, Pair, Share AAG GCT TAT GCC CAT
If one DNA strand has the nitrogen base sequence below, what will the complementary strand look like?
What will the mRNA produced during transcription look like?
What happens during the process of translation?
AAG GCT TAT GCC CAT

21. Protein Synthesis Overview
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
DNA
DNA is the genetic material
within the nucleus.
Transcription
Transcription creates an
mRNA using DNA information.
RNA
Translation
Translation creates a
protein using RNA information.
Protein

22. CUC IS WHAT IS ON MRNA
GAG GLUTAMIC ACID
THE TRNA MOLECULE BINDS TO THE MRNA MATCHING UP ITS COMPLEMENTARY ANTICODON TO THE MRNA CODON
GO OVER THIS OVERHEAD

23. Worksheet Complete the worksheet with a partner
Consider these questions:
What are mutations?
How do mutations affect the amino acid sequence of proteins? Do they always affect them?

24. mRNA codons and the Amino Acids for which they code

25. Bellwork 1/8/16

26. Agenda 1/8/16
Bellwork
Codon Bingo- practicing transcription and translation
Mutations (blocks 3 and 4)
Questions about the test? Review Guide
Start Evolution- Survival of the Sneakiest cartoon and questions
HW- study for test on Monday

27. mRNA codons and the Amino Acids for which they code

28. Mutations Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
They can have the following affects:
Change the amino acid sequence, and therefore the protein
Prevent protein production
Have no affect on the amino acid sequence

29. Gene Mutations Point mutations: a single nucleotide is changed
Ex. Of a triplet sequence: the fat cat sat
Point mutations: a single nucleotide is changed
Substitution: Ex. F in “fat” is changed to an “e”:
the eat cat sat
Deletion: Ex. F in fat is deleted:
the atc ats at
Frameshift mutation: caused by insertion or deletion of fewer (or more) than 3 nucleotides; usually results in all codons after that point being altered.

30. Gene Mutations Point mutations: a single nucleotide is changed
Ex. Of a triplet sequence: the fat cat sat
Point mutations: a single nucleotide is changed
Deletion: Ex. F in fat is deleted:
the atc ats at
Frameshift mutation: caused by insertion or deletion of fewer (or more) than 3 nucleotides; usually results in all codons after that point being altered.

31. Gene Mutations
When the code is changed due to a mutation, the amino acid sequence may be altered, resulting in changes in the protein (or no protein at all).
Ex. Of a triplet sequence: the fat cat sat
Substitution: Ex. F in “fat” is changed to an “e”:
the eat cat sat
Deletion: Ex. F in fat is deleted:
the atc ats at (frameshift mutation) 31