1. 3-1: WORLDS COLLIDE, s

2. Objectives
CUL 1.0 Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American society and political life.
CUL 3.0 Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics.
CUL 4.0 Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time.
MIG 1.0 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America and, later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society.
MIG 2.0 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.

3. Objectives
GEO 1.0 Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both the interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.
WOR 1.0 Explain how cultural interaction, cooperation, competition, and conflict between empires, nations, and peoples have influenced political, economic, and social developments in North America.
WXT 1.0 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society.
WXT 2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.
WXT 3.0 Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society.

4. Key Concepts
As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies and adapting to and transforming their diverse environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.
Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
Europeans developed a variety of colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American environments where they settled, and they competed with each other and American Indians for resources.

5. American Indians
Native Americans were overwhelmed by European diseases and weaponry
We think of the colonists as the “winners” and the Indians as the “losers,” but how did the Native Americans get where they were?

6. American Indians
America’s first inhabitants lived as nomads, following their prey
Bering Strait
Became sedentary over time

7. Most archaeologists and historians believe that the first Americans crossed a land bridge known as the Bering Strait between modern Russia and Alaska during the last Ice Age, roughly 10,000-20,000 years ago. Some argue, however, that they slowly sailed down the Pacific coast using primitive boats until they landed in South America.

8. American Indians Central and South America Maya (Yucatan)
Aztec (Mexico)
Inca (Peru)

9. American Indians North America Language Southwest Northwest
Great Plains
Midwest
Northeast
Atlantic Coast

10. American Indians Similarities with European Society Calendars
Irrigation systems for farming
Domestication of crops
Medicine
Large cities (Tenochtitlan)
Religion
Gender division (labor)

12. American Indians Key Difference from European Society
No concept of private property

13. American Indians
Like every other society in the world at the time, Pre-Columbian America was characterized by inter-tribal warfare resulting in the displacement, migration, and enslavement of numerous tribes

14. Europe Moves Toward Exploration
Europe in the 16th Century
Scandinavian Vikings—Greenland, 1000
Europe unable to meet the challenge of sustained colonization
Lack of economic/technical resources
Political/social division
Feudalism
Preoccupation with local concerns
Illiterate, poor, unfree citizenry

16. Europe Moves Toward Exploration
Improvements in Technology
Demise of feudalism/rise of rival nation-states
Growth of cities and a strong merchant class
The Renaissance and education
Printing press (mass produced books on geography, foreign culture, trade)
Advances in ship design and navigation

17. Europe Moves Toward Exploration
Religious Conflict
Catholic Victory (Spain)
Stability and unity
Protestant Reformation (N. Europe)
Competition to spread the “right” version of Christianity

18. Europe Moves Toward Exploration
Expanding Trade
New Routes
Slave Trading

19. Europe Moves Toward Exploration
Reasons for Leaving “Old World”
Escape from direct religious persecution
Fear about religious future at home
Anxiety about political change in Europe
Dismay over the economy
Need for farmland
Relief from joblessness

20. Europe Moves Toward Exploration
Reasons for Coming to “New World”
Desire for gold and precious metals
Claims to new colonies (mercantilism)
Missionary work
Adventure and curiosity
Trade
Passage to the Far East (NW Passage)
“Gold, God, & Glory”

21. Map of the New World c. 1550

22. Early Explorations Columbian Exchange
Exchange between old and new worlds
Demographic, economic, and social changes

23. Early Explorations Columbian Exchange Negative Effects Smallpox
Forced relocation
Enslavement
Exploitation
Resources plundered

24. Early Explorations Columbian Exchange Positive Effects
Trade—horses, cows, guns, cotton
Increased longevity
Technological improvements
Better education
Model of a more stable government
Christianity (morals, no more human sacrifice, etc.)

25. Early Explorations Dividing the Americas Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Competition

26. Early Explorations Spanish Conquest Search for gold Haciendas
Encomienda System
Limited long-term use due to spread of disease
Intermarriage and Caste System

27. Spanish conquistadores included Christopher Columbus (Italian-born, sailed for Spain), Ponce de Leon, Vasco de Balboa, Hernando de Soto, Hernan Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, and Juan Cabrillo

28. Early Explorations English Claims
Individuals or families seeking social mobility
Focus on agriculture
Removal of Indians, not subjugation

29. Early Explorations French and Dutch Claims
Search for Northwest Passage
Trading outposts and alliances with Native Americans
Used alliances to thwart England’s colonies

31. Treatment of American Indians
English Policy
Removal, not subjugation
Little intermarriage
Arrived as families
French Policy
Posed less threat
Economic and military allies

32. Treatment of American Indians
Spanish Policy
Valladolid Debate
Sepulveda
Indians less than human so encomienda system was beneficial
Las Casas
Indians human and morally equivalent to Europeans
Enslavement not justified
Pueblo Revolt