1. Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
The equation for photosynthesis is a deceptively simple summary of a very complex process. Actually, photosynthesis is not a single process, but two processes, each with multiple steps. These two stages of photosynthesis are known as the light reactions (the photo part of photosynthesis) and the Calvin cycle (the synthesis part).
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2

2. The Stages of Photosynthesis
Capture Sunlight.
Convert Light energy to Chemical Energy stored in ATP and NADPH.
ATP and NADPH power the Calvin Cycle to make organic compounds using CO2.

3. Stage 1- Absorption of Light
Light Dependent Reaction
Light is a form of energy (electromagnetic)
Light contains Mixture of different wavelengths

4. Chlorophyll Pigment-absorb certain wavelength and reflect others.
Chlorophyll absorbs mostly red and blue and reflects ______________.
There are several types of chlorophyll. They each capture sunlight at different wavelengths.
Carotenoids- produce yellow and orange colors

7. Stage 2
Diagram:
In step 1- excited electrons jump from chlorophyll to other nearby molecules in the thylakoid membrane. These jumping electrons need to be replaced though. This happens when water (a reactant) is split by a reaction. The cloforphyll grabs an electron from H leaving it as H+ and the 2 oxygens leave producing O2 (product)
This is where O2 is produced! Look at pg.99 in your text.                 Light: Light from the sun is shining on a thylakoid on a chloroplast.                 Thylakoid: internal membranes of chloroplasts                 Path of electrons: electrons leap from chlorophyll molecules to other nearby molecules in the thylakoid membrane                 NADP+: electron acceptor that produces NADPH when excited electrons combine with hydrogen atoms and itself                 H+: Hydrogen Ions                 NADPH: electron carrier that provides the high-energy electrons for photosynthesis                 Water-Splitting Enzyme: enzyme that splits the water molecule inside the thylakoid to get replacement electrons for energy                 ATP-producing carrier protein: protein that catalyzes a reaction where a phosphate group is added to a molecule of ADP                 ADP + Phosphate Group = ATP

10. Stage 3

12. Cellular Respiration is the process by which humans and animals convert food and oxygen into energy for ourselves. This process also produces carbon dioxide for plants as well producing water.
There are only three things your body can burn:  carbohydrates, fats (lipids), and proteins. These are called macronutrients (not micronutrients) because you must eat a lot of them every day.
Carbohydrates convert to energy quicker than fats or proteins.  These are the first macronutrients that the body will burn.  If there more than enough carbs, the body will store them as fat for later use.
If the body is low on carbohydrates, the body will begin to burn fats (or lipids).
The last macronutrient the body will burn is proteins

14. Occurs in 4 Steps
Step 1: Glycolysis (glucose is broken down into pyruvate)
C6H12O6  2 C3H4O H + energy
net gain= 2 ATP
Step 2: Depends on whether Oxygen is present or not.
Burning sugar releases a lot of energy. So, the process of CR occurs in 4 steps; releasing energy slowly in the form of ATP
Step 1 is the BIG one- Glycolosis. Happens in the cytoplasm. When a cell wants to ‘burn’ a monosaccaride for energy, the monosaccaride goes into the cytoplasm. There, enzymes break the monosaccaride into 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid.
Next, glucose is converted into two, three-carbon molecules of pyruvate through a series of ten different reactions. A specific enzyme catalyzes each reaction along the way and a total of two ATP are generated per glucose molecule.
Now, in this reaction, actually 4 ATPs are produced but 2 are used in the process …so the net gain is 2 ATPs
What happens next depends upon whether or not oxygen is present.

15. If Oxygen is Present Aerobic Respiration- occurs in the Mitochondria
Has 2 cycles
Citric acid cycle or Krebs Cycle
Net total= 2 ATP
Notice that the Kreb’s cycle occurs in the mitochondria. This is why glucose needed to be broken down before this step… glucose is too big to pass through the membrane of the mitochondria but pyruvate can pass through easily.
The purpose of the Krebs cycle is to get the energy that was previously stored in glucose and pyruvate into a more usable form called NADH and FADH2.

16. Electron Transport Chain
Occurs in the membrane of the mitochondria
NADH and FADH2 donate electrons
Most ATP is made here! Net gain= up to 34 ATPs