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Cells Part 2
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome Mitochondrion Centrosome with pair of centrioles Plasma membrane Peroxisome Intermediate filament Microfilament Microtubule CYTOSKELETON NUCLEUS Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Ribosomes Figure 4.4a Figure 4.4a An animal cell
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum NUCLEUS
Nuclear envelope Nucleolus Chromatin Ribosomes Plasma membrane Peroxisome Mitochondrion Microfilament Microtubule CYTOSKELETON Cell wall of adjacent cell Golgi apparatus Plasmodesma Cell wall Chloroplast Central vacuole Figure 4.4b Figure 4.4b A plant cell
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Cell membrane/Plasma membrane
The thin flexible envelope that surrounds the cell Allows some materials to move in and out of cell – selectively permeable Comparable to City Limits
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Cytoplasm The jelly/liquid area between the nucleus and the cell membrane Comparable to the parks, grass, trees – filling everything in
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Nucleus Control center for all the activities of the cell
Comparable to the City Hall for a city
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Nucleolus A small dense, object found in the middle of the nucleus. It makes the RNA and ribosomes. Comparable to the city planning office.
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Chromosomes Rod shaped bodies found in the nucleus, made of DNA and proteins. They contain the information to run the cell Comparable to the city auditor who stores in city’s records
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
System of tubes that fats and proteins are transported through Comparable to some roads in a city just the ones leaving city hall The rest of the roads would be the cytoskeleton
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Ribosomes Comparable to the construction company
Small grain like objects made of RNA They construct all the proteins Comparable to the construction company
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What are some functions of proteins?
Transport molecules – oxygen, iron Hormones – insulin, secretin Allows entry of materials into cell The cytoskeleton is made of proteins – Enzymes – speed up chemical reactions
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Video clip of how a human body cell fights a virus (or bacteria)
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Vesicles A little capsule enclosed by a membrane that stores stuff
Many types of vesicles in the cell Vacuoles Lysosomes Transport vesicles
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Lysosomes Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes to break down large food particles, or viruses, or bacteria, or old cell parts Comparable to the waste treatment or food processing plant in a city
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Digestive enzymes Lysosome Plasma membrane Figure 4.10a-1
Figure 4.10a-1 Lysosome fusing with a food vacuole and digesting food (step 1)
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Digestive enzymes Lysosome Food vacuole Plasma membrane Figure 4.10a-2
Figure 4.10a-2 Lysosome fusing with a food vacuole and digesting food (step 2)
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Digestive enzymes Lysosome Food vacuole Plasma membrane Figure 4.10a-3
Figure 4.10a-3 Lysosome fusing with a food vacuole and digesting food (step 3)
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Digestive enzymes Lysosome Digestion Food vacuole Plasma membrane
Figure 4.10a-4 Digestive enzymes Lysosome Food vacuole Plasma membrane Digestion Figure 4.10a-4 Lysosome fusing with a food vacuole and digesting food (step 4)
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Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion
Figure 4.10b-1 Lysosome Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion Figure 4.10b-1 Lysosome fusing with a vesicle containing a damaged organelle and digesting and recycling its contents (step 1)
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Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion
Figure 4.10b-2 Lysosome Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion Figure 4.10b-2 Lysosome fusing with a vesicle containing a damaged organelle and digesting and recycling its contents (step 2)
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Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion
Figure 4.10b-3 Lysosome Digestion Vesicle containing damaged mitochondrion Figure 4.10b-3 Lysosome fusing with a vesicle containing a damaged organelle and digesting and recycling its contents (step 3)
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How are the vesicle moving?
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Vacuole A large vesicle found in the cytoplasm that stores water, food, wastes or other materials needed by the cell. Comparable to the grocery store, a shopping center, or dump in a city
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Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage or secretion Comparable to the post office or shipping center. Golgi apparatus 1 2 3 4 “Receiving” side of Golgi apparatus Transport vesicle from the ER Transport vesicle from the Golgi “Shipping” side of Golgi apparatus
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Mitochondria Tiny bean shaped structures in cytoplasm with smooth outer membrane. They supply energy for cell by transforming sugars into ATP. Comparable to the power company in a city.
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Chloroplast An oval, green structure found in plants and some bacteria
Contains chlorophyll that captures sun’s energy and produces sugars Comparable to solar power facility
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Tour of cell Animal Cell http://vimeo.com/14680107 Plant Cell
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Onion Cell – why is it not green?
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Cell Wall protects and provides skeletal support that helps keep the plant upright and is primarily composed of cellulose. Ribosomes Plasma membrane Microfilament Microtubule CYTOSKELETON Cell wall of adjacent cell Plasmodesma Cell wall Chloroplast Central vacuole
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Ribosomes Plasma membrane Microfilament Microtubule CYTOSKELETON Cell wall of adjacent cell Plasmodesma Cell wall Chloroplast Central vacuole
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Cytoskeleton a network of protein fibers which organize the structures and activities of the cell. Provide shape/support and the roadways for organelles to move on Cytoplasmic streaming Three types: Nucleus Microtubule 25 nm Intermediate filament 10 nm Microfilament 7 nm
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Extracellular matrix Animal cells synthesize and secrete an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM), which helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane.
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Collagen fiber EXTRACELLULAR FLUID CYTOPLASM Glycoprotein complex with long polysaccharide Connecting glycoprotein Integrin Plasma membrane Microfilaments of cytoskeleton
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Cell Junction Adjacent cells adhere, interact, and communicate through specialized junctions between them. Tight junction Anchoring junction Gap junction Plasma membranes of adjacent cells Ions or small molecules Extracellular matrix
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How do we know this? Microscopes! And experiments!
Started with simple glass – similar to ‘magnifying glass’ – 100AD 6x magnifying power
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How do we know this? Robert Hooke – 1665 – first discovered cells – looked at cork 50x magnifying power Antony Van Leeuwenhoek – 1670’s ‘perfected’ the lens 270x magnification power
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Modern Microscopes Light microscope – common in schools today
Light passes through specimen and then through glass lenses to enlarge image Up to 1000x
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Modern Microscopes Electron Microscopes –
Focuses beams of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface Up to 10,000,000 x
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Modern Microscopes Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Used to see the detailed architecture of cell surfaces
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Modern Microscopes Transmission Electron Microscope
Used to study the internal cell structure Need to dehydrate specimen, refill and embed in resin, then use a diamond blade microtome to cut into 50 nm thick sections Comparable to cutting a piece of your hair 2000 times
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Modern Microscopes We can add ‘fluorescence’ to help see and highlight specific parts of a cell
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