1. THE PARTS OF SPEECH

2. What is a noun?
person place thing
idea

3. Definition A noun is a “name” word.
It is the name we can use to talk or write about:
A person (Paul, teacher, woman, lawyer)
A place (Hinesville, school, beach)
A thing (pencil, apple, dog, book)
An idea (happiness, danger, justice)

4. Practice: Identify each noun in the sentence
Jack has a very good idea.
The parade will go down the street to the marina.
Honesty is the best policy.
Mark never changes his mind.
Many books have been stacked on the tables in the library.

5. Practice!
Find the nouns in the following sentence: (Remember!...a noun is a person, place, thing, or idea)
Mark and Jennifer have a son.
There are many people in this classroom who are missing assignments.
I am ready for Thanksgiving.
The man in the mirror was no one but himself.
I have never been so upset in my life!
*Your turn: Write 2 sentences and identify the nouns in your sentences.

6. pronoun A pronoun can replace a noun. Example: Mark----He Mary-----She
Mark and Mary-----They

7. PRONOUN TYPES:
Possessive: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, whose, theirs Demonstrative: this, that, these, those Objective: me, you, him, her, it, us, whom, them Subjective: I, you, he, she, it, we, who, they Reflexive: myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, themselves Indefinite: anybody, everybody, nobody, somebody

8. PRONOUN PRACTICE Identify the pronouns in the following sentences:
They have never been so happy.
It was a really good day today.
She was upset with herself for failing it.
You and I should take a walk.
The candy is neither yours nor mine.
*Your turn! Write 2 sentences and identify the pronouns in the sentences.

9. PRONOUNS (cont’d)
The noun to which the pronoun refers is called the antecedent.
For example:
Allen got off work at seven, then he went home.
He=pronoun Allen=antecedent
Maria is a very bright student; she made all A’s on her report card.
She, Her=pronouns Maria=antecedent

10. What is a verb?
There are two types of verbs that we will look out closely:
Action Verb
Linking Verb

11. Action verbs
Action verbs express action, something that a person, animal, force of nature, or thing can do
Playing Driving

12. Linking/ Helping Verb
Linking verbs, on the other hand, do not express action. Instead, they connect the subject of a verb to additional information about the subject.
Any form of the verb “Be” Am
Were
Has
Been
Are being is

13. VERBS PRACTICE Marion was the first woman to become Vice President.
Identify the verbs in the following sentences: Remember…verbs can show action or link one part of the sentence to the next.
Marion was the first woman to become Vice President.
I love him.
There is a large group of students in the hallway.
She danced all night long.
I will be 18 next month.
*Your turn! Write two sentences with action verbs and 2 sentences with linking verbs. Identify them!

14. Adjective
Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence
Adjectives are descriptive words!

15. Adjective Descriptive adjectives: Describe the noun.
Ex: red house tall man large hut
Limiting Adjectives: Limits or specifies the noun
Ex: high school student, two teams, every employee

16. ADJ. PRACTICE…
Identify the following adjectives and tell if they are limiting or descriptive:
There are many good students in high school.
She was grateful for the interview.
I am a very intelligent person.
The basketball team was very adept in knowing the difficult plays.
The bluish-green sky was a beautiful sight to see.
Your turn! Write two sentences with adjectives in them and identify them!

17. adverbs Adverbs are words that modify
*a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)
*an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)
*another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move?)
some adverbs can be identified by their characteristic "ly" suffix
Answers questions such as: "how," "when," "where," "how much".

18. ADVERBS PRACTICE…
Identify the following adverbs; then write out the question that corresponds to the adverb:
Ex: She ran fast in the race. (How did she run?)
Ashley danced very well.
I swiftly ran after the ball.
She angrily slammed the door shut after screaming very loudly at her boyfriend.
She is a very happy person to be around.
The night crept up stealthily like a burglar in a house.
*Your turn! Write two sentences with adverbs in them and identify them!

19. Conjunctions
A conjunction is a joiner, a word that connects (conjoins) parts of a sentence.
Coordinating Conjunctions
And Or
But
For
Nor So
Yet

20. Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause and indicates the nature of the 
relationship among the independent clause(s) and the dependent clause(s).
The most common subordinating conjunctions are: after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, until, when, where, whether, and while. 

21. Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions always appear in pairs -- you use them to link equivalent sentence elements.
The most common correlative conjunctions are:
both...and, either...or, neither...nor, 
not only...but also, so...as, and whether...or

22. CONJ. Practice!
Identify the conjunctions in the following sentences; then, tell what type of conj. they are.
Ashton and I will go out tonight.
After the movie, let’s go out to eat.
Neither Sam nor Vinny ate lunch.
My true passion in life is writing, and I hope to get published soon.
Susan makes good grades because she studies every night.
Either you will put forth effort in your classes or you will not do your best.

23. prepositions
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. Some common prepositions are:
at, under, over, of, to, in, out, beneath, beyond, for, among, after, before, within, down, up, during, without, with, outside, inside, beside, between, by, on, out, from, until, 
toward, throughout, across, above, about, around.
examples:
The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.

24. Object of the preposition
The Object of the Preposition
Recognize an object of the preposition when you see one.
Prepositions often begin prepositional phrases. To complete the phrase, the preposition usually teams up with a noun, pronoun, orgerund, or the object of the preposition. Here are some examples:
At noon
At = preposition; noon = noun or the object of the preposition.
Behind them
Behind = preposition; them = pronoun or the object of the preposition.

25. Object of the preposition
Without sneezing
Without = preposition; sneezing = gerund or the object of the preposition.
The object of the preposition will often have modifiers that add description:
At the kitchen counter
At = preposition; the, kitchen = modifiers; counter = noun or the object of the preposition.
Between us only
Between = preposition; us = pronoun or the object of the preposition; only = modifier.
Without completely finishing
Without = preposition; completely = modifier; finishing = gerund or the object of the preposition.

26. Object of the preposition
Infrequently, a clause will be the object of the preposition, as in this example:
In class today, we talked about what Mr. Duncan expects in our next research essay.
About = preposition; what Mr. Duncan expects in our next research essay = noun clause or the object of the preposition.

27. Preposition Practice
Identify the prepositions in the following sentences, then identify the object of the preposition.
I don’t want to go before the judge tomorrow.
Andrew tossed the ball into the air.
Sienna quickly ran across the yard.
Christian walked inside the house to get his dad.
Kalvin is a great musician and often plays shows around the country.
*Make a list of all the prepositions you can think of.

28. Prepositions vs. conjunctions
Prepositions are connecting words.
Prepositions are words like: on, over, to, from, about, for, against, with, between, etc.
In general, a preposition “glues” a noun or pronoun into a sentence.
That is, a preposition is only able to connect a noun element into a sentence.
Preposition=Introduces a noun into the sentence.

29. Prepositions vs. conjunctions
Conjunctions are also connecting words, but they can do much more than a preposition.
Conjunctions are words like: and, but, or, because, then, etc.
In contrast to a preposition, a conjunction can connect any two like elements together in a sentence.
Most notably, conjunctions have the ability to connect verbs together.
This means that conjunctions can connect two sentences together.
Conjunctions=introduce verbs

30. PREPOSITIONS VS. CONJUNCTIONS Practice:
Decide whether each underlined word is a preposition or a conjunction. Explain your answer.
1. I want to read a good book beside the tree.
2. After we danced, we out for a walk.
3. While you were away, you missed lots of work.
4. She sent him a text instead of speaking.
5. He left the room without talking to anyone.
6. The train had to stop because of the weather.

31. Nine Noun Functions

32. A NOUN is a part of speech. It can FUNCTION in 9 different ways
A NOUN is a part of speech. It can FUNCTION in 9 different ways. (PRONOUNS stand in the place of nouns & can function any way a noun can.)

33. Subject
The subject USUALLY does the action:
John ran away from the monster.
Five days a week my mother dusts.
Nearing the yellow light, the driver sped up.
“It’s not fair!” shouted John.
Note that occasionally, as in d, the subject can follow the verb.
Sometimes the subject receives the action. That’s what’s called a passive voice sentence. There will always be a form of “to be” (is,are,was,were,be) & a past participle (jumped, laughed, eaten, spoken, sung, frozen, etc.)
The song was sung a capella.
The book was written in 1988.
John was hit in the head.

34. 2. Direct Object
A direct object follows the verb & receives its action. It answers the question “what” or “whom”:
John threw the ball. (Threw what?)
Tomorrow morning Elisa will meet your sister. (Will meet whom?)
We helped him with his homework. (Helped whom?)
He doesn’t understand anything about what he just read. (Understand what? “Anything” is a pronoun.)
While hiking, Alicia found a silver bracelet.

35. 3. Indirect Object
The indirect object follows the verb & answers to/for whom. (It can also be to/for what, but it’s usually to/for whom.) The indirect object is frequently a pronoun.
John gave me the money. (to whom?)
Elisa sent John a letter. (to whom?)
Addison bought Alex a car. (for whom?)

36. 4. Predicate Nominative (Predicate Noun)
A predicate nominative follows the verb & renames the subject.
John is a student.
A Christmas Carol is a good book.
Elisa became a lawyer.
Addison will be an excellent surgeon.
Emory is a private university.

37. Object of a Preposition
Prepositions are words that link the rest of the sentence to their object. English is full of them: of, near, after, before, from, to, through, under, over, across, with…to name a few. A preposition has to have an object, & the object is a noun or pronoun.
He left after class.
I work with your friend.
My best friend lives across the street.
Over the river & through the woods to Grandmother’s house we go.

38. 6. Appositive
An appositive follows a noun & renames it.
My sister Rita lives in Virginia.
The book I’m reading, The Scarlet Letter, is set in the U.S.
I met my friend Helene last year.

39. Objective Complement
An objective complement renames the direct object. It can be distinguished from an appositive (which can rename ANY noun) by determining if the words “to be” can be inserted before it.
We elected Obama (to be) president.
I consider him (to be) my brother.
*He saw my sister Rita yesterday.
“Rita” in the last sentence is an appositive, not an objective complement, because you couldn’t say, “He saw my sister to be Rita yesterday.”

40. 8. Retained Object
A retained object follows a passive voice verb (“to be”—is/are/was/were/be-- + past participle)
He was fed spinach. (Was fed what?)
They were given a new kitten. (Were given what?)
He was elected president. (Was elected what?)

41. 9. Noun of direct address
You use a noun of direct address when talking to someone:
Juan, when are you going to leave?
Mr. Smith, I haven’t finished the list.
Professor Gellar, I need to turn in my paper late.

42. Traditionally, the following two usages aren’t considered functions of a noun because they are adjectives. But they are nouns that function as adjectives. If you study a foreign language, it’s helpful to know when it’s a noun we’re using as an adjective in English, because chances are a noun can’t be used as an adjective in the language you’re studying.
I need a paint bucket.
Give him that water glass.
We also make nouns possessive so that they can function as adjectives:
I met your mother’s friend.
We saw the clown’s face.

43. Diagramming Sentences
We can diagram a sentence to show its structure, and to see how its parts are related.
We can diagram sentence a

44. Start with a horizontal line.
Artists paint
Write the simple subject and verb on the line.
Artists paint.
Separate them with a vertical line that crosses the base line.

45. Another example: Birds are singing Birds are singing.
Write the simple subject and verb on the line.
Separate them with a vertical line that crosses the base line.

46. What if we describe the subject?
artists paint
Talented
Talented artists paint.
“Talented” describes “artists.”
Write it on a diagonal line below the word it describes.

47. What if we describe the verb?
Artists paint
Talented
well
Talented artists paint well.
“Well” describes how they paint.
Write it on a diagonal line below the word it describes.

48. What if there is a direct object?
Artists paint
Talented
well
pictures
What do artists paint?
Talented artists paint pictures well.
Write the direct object after the verb.
Draw a vertical separator which stops at the line.

49. Have you noticed? Artists paint pictures
The vertical line that separates the subject from the verb crosses the base line.
The vertical line that separates the verb from the direct object stops at the base line.

50. What if we describe the direct object?
Artists paint
Talented
well
pictures
realistic
Talented artists paint realistic pictures well.
What kind of pictures do artists paint?
“Realistic” describes “pictures.”
Write it on a diagonal line under “pictures.”

51. What if there is a prepositional phrase?
Artists paint
Talented
pictures
realistic of
people
Talented artists paint realistic pictures of people.
What do artists paint pictures of?
“Of people” describes the pictures.
Write it on a frame under “pictures.”

52. Try a different prepositional phrase.
Artists paint
Talented
pictures
realistic on
canvas
Talented artists paint realistic pictures on canvas.
Where do artists paint pictures? “on canvas.”
How, when, and where describe verbs.
Write it on a frame under “paint.”

53. Build a new sentence.
Hamsters run.
Hamsters run

54. Describe the hamsters.
Energetic hamsters run.
Hamsters run
Energetic

55. Where do hamsters run? Energetic hamsters run on wheels. Hamsters run
Prepositional phrase

56. What kind of wheels? Hamsters run on wheels Energetic exercise
Energetic hamsters run on exercise wheels.
Hamsters run
Energetic on
wheels
exercise
“exercise” describes wheels

57. Practice another sentence.
Hamsters eat.
Hamsters eat

58. What do hamsters eat? Hamsters eat seeds. Hamsters eat seeds
“Seeds” is the direct object.
It follows the verb, after a vertical separator.

59. What kind of seeds? Hamsters eat sunflower seeds. Hamsters eat seeds
“Sunflower” describes “seeds.”
Write it on a diagonal line under “seeds.”

60. Have you noticed? Only subjects, verbs, and objects
Go on the horizontal line.
Words that describe them go below them on diagonal lines.
Monkeys eat bananas in
trees
sweet
Hungry
the

61. Linking verbs Tweety is yellow. Tweety is yellow subject verb
Subject complement
What follows a linking verb renames or describes the subject.
It is a complement, not a direct object.

62. Linking verbs Tweety is yellow. Tweety is yellow subject verb
Subject complement
Because the complement describes the subject, the dividing line tilts back toward the subject.

63. Try another sentence. Sylvester is a cat. Sylvester is cat a
Cat = renames Sylvester.
Cat = predicate noun.

64. Add more description. Poor Sylvester is a frustrated predator.
Sylvester is predator a
Poor
frustrated
Predator = renames Sylvester.
Predator = predicate noun.

65. Other linking verbs pot smells rancid of The suspiciously brains
The pot of brains smells suspiciously rancid.
pot smells rancid of
The
brains
suspiciously
Rancid = describes the pot.
Rancid = predicate adjective.

66. Verb Tenses

67. Verbs. What is a verb?
A verb is a word which describes the action in a sentence (the doing word)
Examples
I play football.
They skip quickly.
We eat spaghetti.
Bob is seven today.

68. Four Principal Parts of Verbs
A verb has four principal parts: the present, the present participle, the past and the past participle.
The Four Principal Parts of Walk
Present
Present Participle
Past
Past Participle
Walk
(am) walking
Walked
(have walked)
Four Principal Parts of Verbs

69. Principal Parts : Present
The first principal part, called the present, is the form of the verb that is listed in a dictionary.
Notice also the helping verbs in parentheses before the second and fourth principal parts.
These two principal parts must be combined with helping verbs before they can be used as verbs in sentences. The result will always be a verb phrase.
The way the past and past participle of a verb are formed shows whether the verb is regular or irregular.

70. Using Regular Verbs
Most verbs are regular, which means that their past and past participle forms follow a standard, predictable pattern.
The past and past participle of a regular verb are formed by adding –ed or-d to the present form.
To form the past and past participle of a regular verb, such as chirp, you simply add –ed.
With regular verbs that already end in e-verbs such as; move and charge-you simply add-d to the present.

71. Principal Parts of Regular Verbs
Present
Present Participle
Past
Past Participle
Chirp
Hover
Move
Charge
(am) chirping
(am) hovering
(am) moving
(am) charging
Chirped
Hovered
Moved
charged
(have) chirped
(have) hovered
(have) moved
(have) charged

72. Using Irregular Verbs
While most verbs are regular, many very common verbs are irregular-their past and past participle forms do not follow a participle pattern. These are the verbs that cause the most problems.
The past and past participle of an irregular verb are not formed by adding –ed or-d to the present form.
*** Check a dictionary whenever you are in doubt about the correct form of an irregular verb.
Example: present: bring
past: brought
*** refer to handouts on irregular verbs in your interactive notebook

73. Quick Check Present Present Participle Past Past Participle Put put
swinging
swung
choose
chose
chosen
rise
rising
drink
drank
hurt
hurting
going
went
came
run
running
eat
ate

74. Verb Tenses Verb tenses describe WHEN the action is happening.
PRESENT (it’s happening NOW.)
PAST (it’s ALREADY happened.)
FUTURE (it’s ABOUT to happen.)

75. Present tense to past tense.
The following sentences are written in the present tense. Try changing them to the past tense by putting Yesterday at the beginning of each.
I eat spaghetti.
They skip quickly.
Bob is seven.
I play football.
How have the verbs changed?

76. How did you do? Yesterday I ate spaghetti.
Yesterday they skipped quickly.
Yesterday Bob was seven.
Yesterday I played football.
(Did you remember to double the consonant in skipped?)

77. Past to present Sarah felt hot. The cow jumped over the moon.
These sentences are in the past.
Change them to the present by putting today at the front of each.
Sarah felt hot.
The cow jumped over the moon.
John sat outside in the garden.
The mouse ran up the clock.

78. How did you do? Today Sarah feels hot.
Today the cow jumps over the moon.
Today John sits outside in the garden.
Today the mouse runs up the clock.

79. The future tense. Jack and Jill went up the hill.
The future tense is used to describe what will or could happen. Change these sentences to the future tense by adding tomorrow at the start of each.
Jack and Jill went up the hill.
Thomas chased the mouse.
Lucy entered the wardrobe.
Bo Peep lost her sheep.

80. How did you do? Tomorrow Jack and Jill could/will go up the hill.
Tomorrow Thomas could/will chase the mouse.
Tomorrow Lucy could/will enter the wardrobe.
Tomorrow Bo Peep could/will lose her sheep.

81. More Verb Tenses Simple Present: is happening Now
Present Perfect: started in the past and is still happening
Simple Past: happened before
Past Perfect: started in the past and finished in the past before something else
Future: happens in the future
Future Perfect: the action will start and finish in the future

82. Progression Simple Present: They walk
Present Perfect: They have walked
Simple Past: They walked
Past Perfect: They had walked
Future: They will walk
Future Perfect: They will have walked

83. Present Perfect: started in the past and is still happening
The dog has had fleas for three years.
I have gone to school on the bus for years.
He has been visiting Vietnam.
He has been studying grammar for an hour.
She has been cooking all day.
She has been living in Taiwan for the last two months.

84. Your turn Change the simple present tense to present perfect:
She rides her bike.
He exercises.
They learn their multiplication facts.

85. Check yourself: Change the simple present tense to present perfect:
She rides her bike. She has been riding her bike.
He exercises. He has been exercising.
They learn their multiplication facts. They have been learning their multiplication facts.

86. Your turn Change the simple past tense to present perfect:
She jumped on the bed.
He drove to DC.
They ate lunch.

87. Check yourself: Change the simple past tense to present perfect:
She jumped on the bed. She has been jumping on the bed.
He drove to DC. He has been driving to DC.
They ate lunch. They have been eating lunch.

88. Future Perfect: the action will start and finish in the future
The vet will have given all the puppies a flea collar two months after they are born.
I will have gone to school for three months before we get a break.
We will have finished the exam by the time class ends tomorrow.
By the time he finishes law school, we will have been living in the U.S. for eight years.

89. Your turn. Future Perfect: the action will start and finish in the future
Change the simple future tense to future perfect:
I will go to the store.
She will drive home.
They will clean their bedroom.

90. Check Yourself: Future Perfect: the action will start and finish in the future
Change the simple future tense to future perfect:
I will go to the store. I will have gone to the store before cooking dinner.
She will drive home. She will have driven home before dinner time.
They will clean their bedroom. They will have cleaned their bedroom by bed time.

91. Past Perfect: started in the past and finished in the past before something else
The dog had had fleas for two years before he stopped scratching.
I had gone to fourth grade before I started fifth grade.
She had been driving around the city for three hours before she finally found the right office.
The Titanic had received many warnings before it hit the iceberg.
I had already eaten when my friend stopped by to visit.

92. Your turn: Change the simple past tense to past perfect:
I walked and then I read a book. I had been walking before I read a book.
I studied and then I ate dinner.
I fished and then I went for a hike.

93. Your turn: Change the simple past tense to past perfect:
I walked and then I read a book. I had been walking before I read a book.
I studied and then I ate dinner. I had been studying before I ate dinner.
I fished and then I went for a hike. I had been fishing before I went for a hike.

94. Participles, Gerunds, Infinitives
Verbals
Participles, Gerunds, Infinitives

95. What is a verbal?
A verbal is a verb functioning as some other part of speech.
There are three types of verbals: participles, gerunds, and infinitives.

96. What is a participle?
A participle is a verb functioning as an adjective.

97. Well, what is an adjective?
A word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Adjectives answer the questions which one? and how many?

98. Participles A participle is a verb functioning as an adjective.
There are two types of participles: past and present.
Past participles end in –ed
Present participles end in -ing

99. Note!! Be aware of irregular verbs with –n, -t, or –en endings
Example: torn, lost, written, etc.

100. Example A raging fire destroyed the uninsured building.
What kind of fire? Raging (present participle)
What kind of building? Uninsured (past participle)

101. Phrases What is a phrase?
A group of words functioning as a single part of speech.
A participial phrase is a participle with its modifiers and complements—all working as an adjective.

102. Example
The fire station located nearby promptly responded to the fire.
We saw the hawk soaring effortlessly above us.
Modifying the fire station.

103. Punctuation with Participles
The punctuation is the same as with prepositional phrases and appositives.
Introductory participles are followed by a comma.
If the participle is nonessential, it is followed by a comma.

104. What is a gerund? A verb functioning as a noun.
Because it is acting as a noun, it can be anything a noun is: subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition, predicate nominative, appositive.

105. Examples Subject: Talking loudly always attracts attention.
Direct object: Everyone in my house enjoys watching the World Series.
Indirect object: He gave voting for class president careful thought.

106. Examples Continued
Object of a preposition: She worked eight hours without taking a break.
Predicate nominative: A great thrill for her was winning the state tennis tournament.
Appositive: Dad’s hobby, carving wooden soldiers, has taught him much about history.

107. Note!!
The possessive form of a noun or a pronoun is used before a gerund and is considered part of the gerund phrase.
Example: Mrs. Lambert insists on our typing our compositions.

108. What is an infinitive?
An infinitive is a verb form that usually begins with to. It is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

109. Infinitives Do not confuse an infinitive with a prepositional phrase.
A infinitive is to plus a verb.
A prepositional phrase is to plus a noun.

110. Examples To exercise regularly is very important. (subject)
I hope to visit soon. (direct object)

111. Note!!
To is sometimes omitted when an infinitive follows such verbs as dare, feel, hear, help, let, make, need, see, or watch.
The to is understood to be there.

115. Recognize an adjective clause when you see one.
The Adjective Clause
Recognize an adjective clause when you see one.

116. Adjective Clause
An adjective clause—also called an adjectival or relative clause—will meet three requirements:
First, it will contain a subject and verb
Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].
Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?

117. Adjective Clause Formula

118. Examples Whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie
Whose = relative pronoun; eyes = subject; pleaded = verb.
Why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie
Why = relative adverb; Fred = subject; can stand = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].

119. Adjective Phrases In Use
Diane felt manipulated by her beagle Santana, whose big, brown eyes pleaded for another cookie.
Chewing with her mouth open is one reason why Fred cannot stand sitting across from his sister Melanie.

120. Assessment
Oreo and Skeeter, Madison's two dogs, competed for the hardboiled egg that bounced across the kitchen floor.
Laughter erupted from Annamarie, who hiccupped for seven hours afterward.

121. Answers
Oreo and Skeeter, Madison's two dogs, competed for the hardboiled egg that bounced across the kitchen floor.
Laughter erupted from Annamarie, who hiccupped for seven hours afterward.

122. Recognize an adverb clause when you see one.
The Adverb Clause
Recognize an adverb clause when you see one.

123. Adverb Clause An adverb clause will meet three requirements.
First, it will contain a subject and verb.
You will also find a subordinate conjunction that keeps the clause from expressing a complete thought.
Finally, you will notice that the clause answers one of these three adverb questions: How? When? or Why?

124. Subordinate Conjunction

125. How, When, Why? Tommy scrubbed the bathroom tile until his arms ached.
How did Tommy scrub?

126. Until his arms ached = adverb clause.

127. Assessment
Underline the adverb clause. In your answers, include a ‘how’, ‘when’, or ‘why’ question. Ex.. “How did Tommy scrub?”
1. Josephine's three cats bolted from the driveway once they saw her car turn the corner.
2. After her appointment at the orthodontist, Danielle cooked eggs for dinner because she could easily chew an omelet.

128. Answer
Josephine's three cats bolted from the driveway once they saw her car turn the corner.
When did the cats bolt? Once they saw her car turn the corner, an adverb clause.
After her appointment at the orthodontist, Danielle cooked eggs for dinner because she could easily chew an omelet.
Why did Danielle cook eggs? Because she could easily chew an omelet, an adverb clause.

129. Recognize an noun clause when you see one.
The Noun Clause
Recognize an noun clause when you see one.

130. Overview (Of Everything)
A sentence which contains just one clause is called a simple sentence.
A sentence which contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses is called a complex sentence. (Dependent clauses are also called subordinate clauses.)
There are three basic types of dependent clauses: adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. (Adjective clauses are also called relative clauses.)

131. Noun clauses perform the same functions in sentences that nouns do:
A noun clause can be a subject of a verb:
What Billy did shocked his friends.
A noun clause can be an object of a verb:
A noun clause can be a subject complement:
Billy’s mistake was that he refused to take lessons.
A noun clause can be an object of a preposition:
Mary is not responsible for what Billy did.
A noun clause (but not a noun) can be an adjective complement: Everybody is sad that Billy drowned.

132. Activity Part 1. Finish these phrases with nouns
1. I don’t know _________________.
2. I love _________________.
3. I remember _____________.
4. _______________ is fun.

133. A noun clause REPLACES a noun
A noun clause REPLACES a noun. In other words, a noun clause is a multi-word noun.
Replace the nouns from Activity Pt. 1 with a noun clause.
1. I don’t know _________________.
2. I love _________________.
3. I remember _____________.
4. ______________ is fun.