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The Skeletal System
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Bone Fractures Fracture—break in a bone Types of bone fractures
Closed (simple) fracture—break that does not penetrate the skin Open (compound) fracture—broken bone penetrates through the skin Bone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilization
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Common Types of Fractures
Table 5.2
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Repair of Bone Fractures
Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone Healed fracture New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling Figure 5.5
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma Hematoma formation Figure 5.5, step 1
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma External callus New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Figure 5.5, step 2
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Figure 5.5, step 3
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Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture
Hematoma External callus Bony callus of spongy bone Healed fracture New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Spongy bone trabecula Hematoma formation Fibrocartilage callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling Figure 5.5, step 4
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The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
Divided into three parts Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax
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The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6a
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The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6b
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The Skull Two sets of bones Cranium Facial bones
Bones are joined by sutures Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
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Human Skull, Lateral View
Figure 5.7
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Human Skull, Superior View
Figure 5.8
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Human Skull, Inferior View
Figure 5.9
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Human Skull, Anterior View
Figure 5.11
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Paranasal Sinuses Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity Functions of paranasal sinuses Lighten the skull Give resonance and amplification to voice
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Paranasal Sinuses Figure 5.10a
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Paranasal Sinuses Figure 5.10b
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The Hyoid Bone The only bone that does not articulate with another bone Serves as a moveable base for the tongue Aids in swallowing and speech
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The Hyoid Bone Figure 5.12
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