1. 1812- 1824 Presidencies of Madison to Monroe
The War of 1812: “The Second War of Independence” (Chapter 12.1 (p )
Presidencies of Madison to Monroe

2. Presidential Election of 1812
In the election, Federalist dominated regions like New England & Middle Atlantic states voted for the Federalist candidate – De Witt Clinton (NY)= 89 electoral votes.
Madison received most of his votes from the South & West=128 Electoral Votes.
Madison WINS A 2ND TERM!

3. President James Madison
madwar
Born in Virginia, 1751
Enlisted in Continental Army but too small
Attended Princeton University and became a lawyer.
Father of the Constitution and Bill of Rights.
Secretary of State during Jefferson’s Presidency
President, 1809 to 1817
Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of 1812.
President James Madison

4. War breaks out again between the United States and Britain in 1812.
The War of 1812
2nd War of Independence
Mr. Madison’s War
War breaks out again between the United States and Britain in 1812.
NEXT

5. Defend our self interest President James Madison
MR. MADISON'S WAR
madwar
War of 1812
PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT
Defend our neutrality
Freedom of the seas
Defend our self interest
Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality of the US.
Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy of keeping the US out of war and neutral?
President James Madison

6. “Mr. Madison’s War”
Federalists would ask- Why go to war with Britain and not France?
Impressment of US merchant sailors & seizure of US merchant ships & trade goods= destroying US economy
British forts still on US frontier (Violation of Treaty of Paris & Jay’s Treaty)
British were trading with & arming of Indians (Tecumseh)
Desire for Canada & Spanish Florida
Lingering resentment from the American Revolution
Madison had been convinced by the War Hawks that this was a needed war.

7. “Mr. Madison’s War”
June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war with England.
Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London repealed impressments policy 2 days prior to US declaration of war
New England opposed to war but Southern/western states supported the war (**continuation of sectionalism)- a divided nation (quote p. 231)
US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided

8. The War of 1812 was a near disaster for the US.
Map war1812
The War of 1812 was a near disaster for the US.
1812-US launched a Failed invasion into Canada.
US forces set out from: Detroit, Niagara, & Lake Champlain
British forces weakest here= US forces had to retreat back to Detroit.
1813- American raiders burned the Canadian capitol of York (Ontario)

9. US Navy Success in War of 1812
Most successful- Commodore Oliver Perry (Great Lakes), Thomas McDonough (Plattsburgh)
US navy (surprisingly) did better than US army
US navy v. Britain– US navy better on the Great Lakes!
Why?
US ships more skillfully handled by crews.
Better gunners
Manned by non-press gang crews
US frigates (Old Ironsides) had thicker sides & more fire power
1 in 6 sailors were also African-American

10. Naval Battles
The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war.
After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours”
Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat
US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812

11. The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813
British defeat on Great Lakes= British troops retreat from Detroit & Fort Malden
US military victory led by General William H. Harrison
Tecumseh was killed during this battle

14. Napoleon defeated in Europe
1814- Napoleon was defeated & exiled= US can’t depend on French anymore!
British soldiers flood into Canada
1814- British prepared to crush NY
British invasion stopped by Thomas McDonough at Plattsburgh
US-British peace talks affected
NY & NE saved

15. The British Burn Washington City
highlights
By 1814, a British fleet sailed up the Chesapeake Bay & troops attacked Washington City (retaliation for York)
August British troops burned the US capitol & government buildings.
Pres. Madison & wife (Dolly) were forced to evacuate.
Dolly Madison took a portrait of George Washington from the Executive mansion to save it.
Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

16. The British attack on Fort McHenry, Sept 1814
highlights
Francis Scott Key looks
On to see the US flag still
Flying over Fort McHenry.
American Fort McHenry protected Baltimore, Maryland.
Sept. 13, British warships began a bombardment of the fort, which lasted 25 hours.
If the fort fell, Baltimore would fall to the British.
An American flag was raised to signify the fort was still standing after 25 hours.
Inspired Francis Scott Key to write a poem-”The Defense of Fort M’Henry”
His poem is later added to music= Star Spangled Banner
U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

17. Battle of Fort McHenry, 1814
Oh Say Can You See By the Dawn’s Early Light… Francis Scott Key

18. BATTLEs OF Horseshoe Bend & NEW ORLEANS
After two years of war, the US & Britain were stalemated on the Canadian frontier, on the defensive in the Atlantic, and US capitol lay in ruins.
The only TWO US victories came in the Southwest: Battle of Horseshoe Bend & The Battle of New Orleans (both US victories led by Andrew Jackson)
Battle of Horseshoe Bend - Jackson & Tenn. Militia defeated British & Spanish supported Creek Indians= Indians give up 23 million acres.
Battle of New Orleans- Jackson & Tenn. Militia defeat a force of 10,000 British troops (1815)

20. Federalist Opposition to War
In the Eastern US, political divisions prevented a wider war.
New England Federalists prevented their state’s militias from attacking Canada.
Boston merchants & banks refused to loan money to the US Government.
Many New England & Middle Atlantic state merchants will continue to trade with Britain during the war.

21. **H A R T F O R D C O N V E N T I O N: Late 1814-1815: Death of the Federalist Party
Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems:
U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy
Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade around the Atlantic coastline of US
*New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the war
*Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England
2. Proposed Amendment requiring 2/3 vote for future embargoes, new states admitted, or war declared
3. Wanted to abolish 3/5 Compromise
4. Limit Presidents to 2 terms
5. Prohibit 2 successive presidents from same state
** Delegates arrived in Washington just as news of New Orleans & Ghent arrived

22. **The Treaty of Ghent
War of 1812 is considered a “stalemate”…Dec. 1814
Peace commissioners in Ghent devised the following terms of peace (John Q. Adams, Henry Clay)
A halt to the fighting
The return of all conquered territory to the prewar borders
Recognition of the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States
Treaty was ratified by the Senate

23. The War’s Legacy U.S. gained the respect of other nations
1st round of sectionalism defeated (NE Federalist given a “black eye”)
The Federalist party came to an end as a national force
War heroes emerged: Andrew Jackson, William H. Harrison
Indians relinquished vast lands to US- North of Ohio River
US industry grew (blockade)- we are less dependent on Britain
Canadians angry over Ghent Treaty (Rush-Bagot Treaty demilitarized Great Lakes)
Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a precedent that would later be used by the South
Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Europe
US turns from Europe & faced towards the west
** US NATIONALISM grew

24. OUTCOMES OF WAR OF 1812
The War of 1812 won new respect for America among many British. Michael Scott, a young lieutenant in the British navy wrote,
“I don’t like Americans; I never did, and never shall like them…..I have no wish to eat with them, drink with them, deal with, or consort with them in any way; but let me tell the whole truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an enemy so brave, determined and alert, and in every way so worthy on one’s steel, as they have always proved.
Respect from the Europeans