1. PSYC 101
Week 5

2. States of Consciousness
Sleep (dreams)
Hypnosis
Meditation
Altered (drug use)

4. (False) Facts About Sleep
Some people never dream.
Most dreams directly relate to a bodily sensation.
To keep in balance and mentally stable/healthy everyone needs 8 hours of sleep.
Dreams that are forgotten are done so for a purpose, whether or not the person will admit them.
We can “make up” sleep.
No one has gone over 48 hours without sleep.

5. Sleep
Stages: 1:
Transition stage (time between awake and asleep)
Rapid, low-amplitude brain waves
No true dreams, though images may appear
Occurs mostly in second half of sleep cycle/time 2:
Slow, steady brain waves
Contains “sleep spindles”
Spiked brain waves show up randomly through this stage 3:
Occurs mostly in first half of sleep cycle/time
Slow waves
Peaks and valleys in this pattern 4:
(Even more so): Slow, steady brain wave pattern 5:
Where dreams occur

6. Stage “5” – REM REM = Rapid Eye Movement
About 20% of sleep time is spent in REM
Occurs within stage 1 of sleep
Revert back to this stage to experience REM
Dreams occur in this stage
Can occur in other stages too
More vivid and memorable here though
Everyone experiences REM at some point during each sleep cycle

7. REM continued Signs of REM sleep:
Rapid eye movements
Increased blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Increased rate of respiration
Erections (even in infants)
Vivid dreams
Though sleep cannot be stock piled there is a rebound effect with REM
If sleepers are deprived of REM sleep they will spend more time in REM consequently

8. sleep stages 1.JPG
blog.lib.umn.edu

9. The Unknowns of Sleep Why we need sleep Theories
Ancestral/evolutionary
Neuron repair
Neurotransmitter “rest”
Increase in sensitive in times of use
None proven; no explanation more than a speculation

10. Unknowns continued How much sleep is necessary
Depends on the individual
Human range from 3 hours of sleep to 11 hours of sleep needed
As we age we typically tend to need less sleep
A century ago (circa 1912) people slept, on average, 3 hours more than we do today (2012)
10 to 11 hours per night (1912)
7 to 8 hours per night (2012)
People can be deprived of sleep for 200+ hours
Effects:
Irritability
Loss of concentration
Loss of logical reasoning abilities/skills (short term)
Decline in creativity
Once allowed to sleep, functioning returns to normal after several days
Rats die if too sleep deprived; humans show no permanent consequences

11. Group Discussion Is sleep important? Why?
How many hours do you (personally) need?
Who gets enough sleep?
How do you feel when you are sleep deprived or do not get enough?
What quality of sleep are you currently experiencing?

12. Dreams
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afro-squad.com

13. dreams.jpg
emagzine.org

14. 120533‑400x300‑Do_people_dream_in_color.jpg
sleep.lovetoknow.com

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dreamvisions.info

16. dreams.jpg
empowernetwork.com

17. Follow‑Your‑Dreams‑And‑Goals.jpg
loddymicucci.com

19. Dreams
Numbers correspond to percentages, based on 100%. Respondents could have answered in more than once category.

20. Dream Interpretation
Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory
Dreams-for-Survival Theory
Activation-Synthesis Theory

21. Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
Dreams indicate desires an individual wishes for but cannot achieve and/or respond to in a conscious state
The levels of conscious in this theory are at odds with one another
They compete
ID, Ego, Superego
Levels/elements of consciousness

22. Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory, continued
Dreams house desires that are or would be threatening to an individual’s conscious awareness
Latent content of dreams
Actual wishes
Appear in dreams in disguise
Manifest content of dreams
Seeming focus of dream
The “disguise”
The story plot which may not be the real desires

23. Unconscious ... Theory, continued 2
Elements in dreams can be related to happenings/elements in individual’s past
Some elements are universal symbols
Train and train tunnel = intercourse
Gun/fire/snake/hose/train = penis/male sex organs
Oven/box/closet/cave/train tunnel = vagina
Apple/peach/grapefruit = breasts
This view now mostly rejected
Many psychologists see dreams as they are, not representation of desires or wishes

28. Dreams-for-Survival Theory
Dreams are information processing functions
Information pertinent to our survival is reprocessed and reconsidered during dreams
Concerns, issues, ideas, etc. are addressed within dreams
May allow insight into current events or struggles in life
Can be as simple as task completion and “how-to” understandings

29. Activation-Synthesis Theory
J. Allan Hobson
During sleep memories are activated by the random electrical energy produced
Memories group together, brain fills in any gaps in understanding or logic to create cohesive story
These may morph into clues on an individual’s fears, emotions, concerns, etc.

30. Responses to Theories Discuss with a partner: Thoughts and ideas on:
Unconscious Wish Fulfillment Theory
Dreams-for-Survival Theory
Activation-Synthesis Theory

31. Individual/Pair Share/Group Discussion
Think of a dream
Share your dream with a partner
Pick one theory to use to analyze your dream
Group discussion
Share with class your dream, theory chosen, and analysis
Does not need to be very detailed
Be brief
Participation counts!

32. Sleep Issues Insomnia Known and unknown factors can trigger
Night terrors
Characterized by fear, panic, extreme emotion, strong physiological arousal (bodily reaction)
Sleep apnea
Lack of oxygen causes person to wake
Occurs due to difficulty breathing while sleeping
SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
May be sleep apnea
Not entirely known/understood
Narcolepsy
Uncontrollable
Direct move from fully awake to REM sleep
Can happen at any time, during any activity
Sleeptalking
Sleepwalking

33. Circadian Rhythms What is this? Why is it important?
Biological processes that we cycle between
Occurs on an approximate 24 hour schedule
E.g.: Sleep/wake, body temperature, hormone production, blood pressure
Why is it important?
Keeps us in balance
Typical, normal, or understandable schedule
Can be adapted/adjusted
Issues can occur when out of balance with processes

34. Hypnosis
Trancelike
More likely to follow another’s lead and/or suggestions
Still harbor some element of choice and will
Not for everyone
5 to 20% of people cannot be hypnotized at all
15% are easily hypnotized

35. Hypnosis continued
Brain wave pattern changes upon entering into hypnosis
Can be argued
Completely separate, unique state of consciousness
An element or function of a waking conscious state
Though there are extremes, evidence leaves it to best be understood as not completely one or the other but a mixture, an “in-between”

36. Meditation Refocusing of attention
Designed to produce an altered state of consciousness
Brain wave pattern changes once a meditative state is reached
Learned technique that includes repetition, usually of a mantra
Mantra = sound/syllable/word continuously repeated
May also be concentrated focus on an image or other element (part of body, flame)
Concentration on mantra blocks out all other stimuli completely
Can create/produce biological changes which can improve health
Usually intended to relax
Can be used to seek alternative understandings and/or insights

37. DRUGS Just another altered state of consciousness?
What are your opinions? Feelings? Understandings?
Share a personal experience…

38. Drug Use Categories of drugs
Psychoactive drugs: affect one’s behavior, emotions, perceptions
Include caffeine, prescription drugs, alcohol
Addictive drugs:
Biological dependence: needs drug(s) to function; becomes so used to and dependent upon drug
Psychological dependence: belief that the drug(s) is needed; a crutch “needed” to be able to handle life

39. Reasons for Drug Use New experience Escape Altered sense of self
Pleasure
Religious/spiritual experience

40. Types of drugs
Stimulants
Depressants
Narcotics
Hallucinogens

41. Stimulants Affects CNS (Central Nervous System) Typical symptoms:
Increased: heart rate, blood pressure, muscular tension
Increased attentiveness
Decreased response time

42. Stimulants, continued Nicotine Caffeine Amphetamines Methamphetamines
Dexedrine, Benzedrine
Methamphetamines
White, crystalline
Cocaine

43. Depressants Affects Nervous System Typical symptoms:
Neurons fire slowly
Intoxicated feeling
Decrease in motor awareness and function
Slurred speech

44. Depressants, continued
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital
Produce relaxed state
Rohypnol
Date Rape Drug

45. Narcotics Typical Symptoms: Heroin Morphine Methadone Relaxation
Pain alleviation
Relief from anxiety
Heroin
Morphine
Methadone
Treatment for heroin
Another addiciton

46. Hallucinogens Can create hallucinations Can change perceptual process
Some types are “natural”
Types:
Mushrooms
Jimsonweed
Morning Glories
Marijuana
Ecstasy (MDMA)
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

47. Effects of Drugs What do you think about drug use?
Differentiate between prescription and recreational use?
Differentiate between legal and illegal use?
Personal experience?
What do you know? Have you learned?

48. Personal Application
How can or do you apply understanding of the following psychological elements to your professional life? Personal life?
Perception
Drug use
Biological understandings/workings
Sleep/dreams
Consciousness
Behavior

49. Research Paper 6+ pages total To include: Four “body” pages Title page
Content of paper
No more than double spaced, 1” margins
Times New Roman font, 12 point
Title page
Reference/Works cited page
Must use APA standard
References must be credible
Must include 3+ references

50. Research Paper, continued
Topic:
Your choice
Must be on a psychological issue, element, component, theory, or understanding
Must be clearly stated in paper
Included in your thesis statement
Rubric: see handout
Questions?
Turn in your topic choice to me before you leave class today