2. Figure 23.17 The Respiratory Muscles
Figure 23.17a-d

3. Thoracic Volume

4. Figure 23.18 Respiratory Volumes and Capacities

5. Gas exchage at respiratory surface

6. Figure 23.24 Carbon Dioxide Transport in Blood

7. Gas exchange at the tissue level

8. Figure 23.27 Respiratory Centers and Reflex Controls

9. Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

10. Pulmonary Ventilation
The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs

11. Air movement Movement of air depends upon Boyle’s Law P1V1 = P2V2
Pressure and volume inverse relationship
Volume depends on movement of diaphragm and ribs
Pressure and airflow to the lungs
Compliance – an indication of the expandability of the lungs

12. Figure 23.14 Respiratory Pressure and Volume Relationships
Figure 23.14a, b

13. Pressure changes during inhalation and exhalation
Relationship between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure determines direction of air flow
Intrapleural pressure maintains pull on lungs
Pressure in the space between parietal and visceral pleura
Intrapleural pressure is always less than atmospheric.

14. Figure 23.15 Mechanisms of Pulmonary Ventilation
Figure 23.15a-d

15. Figure 23.16 Pressure Changes during Inhalation and Exhalation

16. Mechanisms of breathing
Quiet breathing (eupnea)
Diaphragm and external and internal intercostals muscles
Forced breathing (hyperpnea)
Accessory muscles

17. Respiratory volumes Alveolar volume
Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute
Tidal Volume (VT)
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath
Vital capacity
Tidal volume plus expiratory and inspiratory reserve volumes
Residual volume
Air left in lungs after maximum exhalation

18. Figure 23.20 An Overview of Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration
PLAY
Animation: Respiratory Processes and Partial Pressures in Respiration
Figure 23.20a, b

20. Oxygen transport Carried mainly by RBCs, bound to hemoglobin
The amount of oxygen hemoglobin can carry is dependent upon:
PO2 pH
temperature
BPG
Fetal hemoglobin has a higher O2 affinity than adult hemoglobin

21. Figure 23.21 The Oxygen-Hemoglobin Saturation Curve

22. Figure 23.22 The Effect of pH and Temperature on Hemoglobin Saturation
Figure 23.22a, b

23. Figure 23.23 A Functional Comparison of Fetal and Adult Hemoglobin

24. Respiratory centers of the brain
Medullary centers
Respiratory rhythmicity centers - set pace
Pons
Even out-smooth out inspiration/expiration

25. Figure 23.28 The Chemoreceptor Response to Changes in PCO2

26. Gas absorption/generation balanced by capillary rates of delivery/removal
Homeostatic mechanisms maintain balance
Local regulation of gas transport and alveolar function include
Lung perfusion
Alveolar capillaries constrict in low oxygen
Alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles dilate in high carbon dioxide

27. Respiratory reflexes
Respiratory centers are modified by sensory information including
Chemoreceptor reflexes
Level of carbon dioxide
Baroreceptors reflexes
Hering-Breuer reflexes
Prevents overinflation
Protective reflexes

28. Voluntary control of respiration
Regulation of respiratory rate is dependent upon:
Conscious and unconscious thought
Emotional state
Anticipation
PLAY
Animation: Control of Respiration

30. Diffusion and respiratory function
Gas exchange across respiratory membrane is efficient due to:
Differences in partial pressure
Small diffusion distance
Lipid-soluble gases
Large surface area of all alveoli
Coordination of blood flow and airflow