1. Lesson 1 - THE RISE OF ROME Lesson 3 - The early roman empire
THE ROMANS
Lesson 1 - THE RISE OF ROME
Lesson 2 - From Republic
to empire
Lesson 3 - The early roman empire

2. FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
The Decline of the Republic
Rome began to experience many problems:
Senate - these men held most of the power, because they held office
for life Controlled domestic and financial policies

3. FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
The Decline of the Republic
2. Small Farmers - they were losing land to the wealthy aristocrats Many had to move to the cities for survival
3. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus - two brothers who tried to bring reforms for the poor farmers and were assassinated by angry senators

4. FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
The Decline of the Republic 4. The Army - began recruiting from the urban poor, who swore loyalty to their general, not to the Roman State Marius: was the first general to use this new way to recruit. It was the first time non- Romans were accepted into the legions Lucius Sulla: a general who seized Rome and made a bad example to other generals later

5. QUESTION In which war did Hannibal invade Italy? 2nd Punic War
ANSWER>>>
2nd Punic War

6. QUESTION What did the Gracchus brothers try to do?
ANSWER>>>
Return land to small farmers

7. What group held the most power in the Roman Republic?
QUESTION
What group held the most power in the Roman Republic?
ANSWER>>>
Patricians

8. FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
The End of the Republic
As several men were competing for power, Rome established what was known as the First Triumvirate: It was a government headed by 3 people with equal power
They each had power in different regions
The three men were:
Julius Caesar
*Marcus Crassus (the richest man in Rome)
**Gnaeus Pompey
* How he became the richest man and he defeated the slave rebellion under Spartacus. Died fighting the Parthians.
** Pompey Initially supported Julius Caesar due to the rise of Crassus was thought of as the greatest general of the time.
Pompey was an indecisive leader.
Gnaeus Pompey supported Caesars rise with his wealth then feared his popularity (Greatest general at the time) married to Caesars sister who died in childbirth thereby nullifying the contract between them. Cato the younger urged Pompey to stop Caesar.
Marcus Crassus (Rome's richest man) put down the slave rebellion started by Spartacus. Underestimated and Killed fighting the Parthians.
First Triumvirate split empire into three
Not unusual to split the Roman empire up among a couple of different emperors

9. FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
The End of the Republic
The Triumvirate ended when Crassus was killed in the battle of Carrhae in 53BCE by the Parthians
The Roman prisoners of the Battle of Carrhae were brought to Margiana by king Orodes
Their further fate is unknown but…
estimated 10,000 Roman prisoners were dispatched by the Parthians to Margiana to man the frontier
Some time later the nomadic Xiongnu chief Zhizhi established a state further east in the Talas valley, near modern-day Taraz
Dubs points to a Chinese account by Ban Gu of about "a hundred men" under the command of Zhizhi who fought in a so-called "fish-scale formation" to defend Zhizhi's wooden-palisade fortress against Han forces, in the Battle of Zhizhi in 36 BC
He claimed that this might have been the Roman testudo formation and that these men, who were captured by the Chinese, founded the village of Liqian (Li-chien, possibly from "legio") in Yongchang County
The area of the former Liqian city is known for the distinctive physical appearance of its inhabitants
The population has higher frequencies of traits prevalent in Europe, such as aquiline noses, blonde or light-colored hair, blue or green eyes, and relatively fair skin tones

10. FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
The End of the Republic
Caesar crossed into forbidden territory when he crossed the Rubicon River with his army
Started the civil war with Pompey from which there would be no " turning back"
A famous saying evolved from this action: "crossing the Rubicon" means taking an action that can't be undone
Julius Caesar (great oratory skills) crossed the Rubicon with his legions. Come back to Rome after giving up his command and be defenseless or break the law becoming an enemy of Rome and cross the Rubicon (the die is cast)
With this action he was declaring war on Rome

11. FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
The End of the Republic Caesar defeated Pompey and was made dictator in 47BCE and then was made "Dictator for Life" in 44BCE
Appointed dictator for 10 years bestowed many honors including a decree that the month of July be named after him. His image was also stamped on coins which was a traditional symbol of monarchy and it did not go unnoticed!

12. FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
Julius Caesar's Reforms:
1. gave land to small farmers
2. increased the Senate to 900 members
The new members supported him
3. granted citizenship to people in the provinces who
were loyal to him
His reforms angered the senators and they plotted to assassinate him

13. FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
In 44BCE Julius Caesar was assassinated he was the last ruler of the Roman Republic This brought Rome to form another triumvirate

14. Who were the landowners and ruling class?
QUESTION
Who were the landowners and ruling class?
ANSWER>>>
Patricians

15. Who was the richest man in Rome?
QUESTION
Who was the richest man in Rome?
ANSWER>>>
Crassus

16. Who was appointed dictator for life after defeating Pompey?
QUESTION
Who was appointed dictator for life after defeating Pompey?
ANSWER>>>
Julius Caesar

17. The First Triumvirate ended with the death of who?
QUESTION
The First Triumvirate ended with the death of who?
ANSWER>>>
Pompey

18. Who put down the slave revolt led by Spartacus?
QUESTION
Who put down the slave revolt led by Spartacus?
ANSWER>>>
Crassus

19. Julius Caesar sparked a civil war by crossing what river?
QUESTION
Julius Caesar sparked a civil war by crossing what river?
ANSWER>>>
Rubicon River

20. FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
Second Triumvirate
1. Octavian - Caesar's great-nephew and his chosen heir
2. Mark Antony - Caesar's ally and assistant (Cleopatra's love
interest)
3. Lepidus - Commander of Caesar's cavalry

21. FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE
Second Triumvirate
Soon, it was only Octavian and Antony fighting for power
Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra's navy and they fled to Egypt where they committed suicide

22. ROMAN EMPIRE He called himself the “First Citizen”
The Beginning of the Roman Empire
Augustus means: Revered One
He called himself the “First Citizen”
In 27BCE the Roman Senate gave Octavian the new title of Augustus and also Imperator or commander in chief
(Emperor comes from this Latin word)
Even though he said that "The Republic as been restored," he began a new system for governing the provinces
He became the Princeps Senatus or leading man of the Senate which later became the official title of the Roman emperors and gave us the word 'prince' One of his many titles Imperator, initially awarded only to victorious generals now became associated with ruler and henceforth linked to leaders of empires (emperor, empereur). Emperor Augustus Caesar

23. ROMAN EMPIRE Augustus' Reforms:
1. Emperor would choose the governors for the provinces
he could choose those who would be loyal to him
2. Stabilized the frontiers
3. Expanded Rome
4. Built and re-built many temples to honor the gods and goddesses
5. Encouraged a cult of Emperor worship
He was declared to be a god when he died

24. Who was the last ruler of the Roman Republic?
QUESTION
Who was the last ruler of the Roman Republic?
ANSWER>>>
Julius Caesar

25. After the 2nd Triumvirate who did Antony fight for control of Rome?
QUESTION
After the 2nd Triumvirate who did Antony fight for control of Rome?
ANSWER>>>
Octavian

26. From which group did the Romans borrow their style of dress?
QUESTION
From which group did the Romans borrow their style of dress?
ANSWER>>>
Etruscans

27. In 31BCE, who did Octavian defeat the army and navy of….
QUESTION
In 31BCE, who did Octavian defeat the army and navy of….
ANSWER>>>
Antony and Cleopatra