1. Biological Macromolecules
Carbon Compounds
Biological Macromolecules

2. Organic Compounds
contain carbon atoms covalently bonded to other atoms
covalent bond = sharing electrons
has an entire branch of chemistry devoted to it called Organic Chemistry
makes up most matter in your body that is not water

3. Carbon Bonds
Crash Course (YouTube) Carbon is a Tramp (See Time 01:46)

4. Carbon Bonds
carbon has 4 valence electrons – so it can form 4 bonds

5. Carbon Bonds
carbon has 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form 4 bonds
typically bonds with H, O, P, S, & N

6. Carbon Bonds cyclohexane hexane
bonds to itself to form single, double, and triple bonds in chains
can be almost unlimited in length and can form rings
cyclohexane
hexane

7. Macromolecules
a large molecule made from thousands or hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules

8. Monomers
single molecule able to bond in long chains

9. Polymers
many monomers joined together to form a macromolecule

10. So many words...that mostly mean the same thing…
carbon compounds =
organic compounds
macromolecules
polymers

11. Macromolecules
4 types that are key to all living things: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and, Nucleic Acids

12. Carbohydrates contain C, H, and O oriented in a carbon ring
divided into two categories – simple and complex

13. Carbohydrates
CrashCourse (YouTube)
Carbohydrates (see Time 03:42)

14. Simple Carbohydrates simple carbohydrates are sugars
two types – monosaccharides and disaccharides

15. Simple Carbohydrates Organic Uses
sugars are used for immediate, short term energy
should be obtained from food like vegetables, fruit, and milk because they contain fiber, vitamins, and important minerals like calcium

16. Carbohydrate Monomer Monosaccharide = one sugar = made of 1 Ring
many monosaccharides can be bonded together
glucose (juice, sweets), fructose (fruit), and galactose

17. Two Part Sugars
Disaccharide = 2 sugars = made of 2 rings bonded together
formed when two monosaccharides bond together
maltose (malts), sucrose (table sugar), and lactose (dairy)

18. Complex Carbohydrates
large carbohydrate molecules made of many monosaccharides

19. Complex Carbs
Polysaccharide = many sugars = made of many rings bonded together
formed when many monosaccharides bond together

20. Organic Uses of Complex Carbs
many different functions based on structure
Long(er) term energy
build some biological structures – Ex: plant parts
provide a small amount of energy storage

21. Different Complex Carbs and Their Organic Uses
Starch
complex carbohydrate made by plants for energy storage
provides humans with long term energy when eaten
should be eaten the MOST of any food for energy

22. Different Complex Carbs and Their Organic Uses
Cellulose
complex carbohydrate made by plants to build cell walls

23. Different Complex Carbs and Their Organic Uses
Fiber
group of many types of complex carbohydrates (including cellulose) also known as roughage
indigestible form of many carbohydrates
help clean out our digestive system

24. Different Complex Carbs and Their Organic Uses
Glycogen
complex carbohydrate made by animals to store a small amount of energy in the liver

25. Lipids large C-H molecules with some O that are not soluble in water
lipids are nonpolar
should eat less lipids than carbohydrates
foods high in lipids are high in calories and often low in other nutrients

26. Lipid Monomer
made up of fatty acids combined with a glycerol molecule

27. Lipids
CrashCourse (YouTube)
Lipids (See Time 07:02)

28. Organic Uses of Lipids long term energy storage
producing waterproof structures like cell membranes and wax
hormones (ex: estrogen) to send chemical messages in blood
absorbing some vitamins

29. Common Types of Lipids
Fats
Oils
Steroids
Waxes

30. Saturated Fats
lipids containing carbon chains that have no double bonds
generally solids at room temperature
bad for health because they can become packed very tightly in blood vessels

31. Unsaturated Fats carbon chains that have at least one double bond
generally liquid at room temperature
Polyunsaturated
unsaturated fats with more than 1 double bond

32. Comparing Fats

33. Trans Fats

34. Trans Fats
naturally unsaturated fatty acids that have been saturated artificially by the addition of hydrogen atoms

35. Trans Fats
used to extend shelf life of food and to enhance food flavor, etc., but at a dangerous price……….
coronary heart disease
liver dysfunction

36. Proteins contain N along with C, H, and O
made up of chains of amino acids
amino group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH)

37. Peptide Bonds amino acids link together by peptide bonds
a special type of covalent bond

38. Proteins
CrashCourse (YouTube)
Proteins (See Time 10:42)

39. Polypeptide Chains short chains of amino acids
long chains of amino acids then fold into compact shapes

40. How many types of amino acids are found in nature?
20 different amino acids found in nature

41. Amino Acids Nonessential amino acids Essential amino acids
can be made by our bodies
Essential amino acids
we must eat them to get them

42. Proteins in our bodies
proteins make up the second biggest portion of our body weight
we should eat proteins less than carbohydrates
our bodies can make many amino acids

43. Proteins in our bodies genes (DNA) code for how to make proteins
proteins determine what we look like and how our bodies work

44. Organic Uses of Proteins
make up body structures like muscles, skin, and fingernails
hormones (ex: insulin)
enzymes (which speed up chemical reactions)

45. Nucleic Acids contain H, O, N, C, and P made up of nucleotides
a sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group

46. Nucleic Acids Two Types of Nucleic Acids are
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

47. DNA
subunits come together to form a Double Helix (twisted ladder)

48. DNA
stores genetic information and codes for making your bodies’ proteins

49. RNA a copy of DNA that carries a message (code) through the cell
the code is then used to build proteins

50. Summary
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all polymers.
Why is a polymer like a chain?