1. "THE BIG 4"
MACROMOLECULES

2. A Polymer EXAMPLE of POLYMER MONOMER A TRAIN ? A NECKLACE
Here are some analogies to better understand what polymers and monomers are….
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
A TRAIN ?
A NECKLACE
If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

3. Now we are ready to
begin our study of...
The Big Four

4. Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules can be found on food nutrition labels…

5. The 3 biochemical molecules found on a nutrition label are:
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can be found in foods.
The 3 biochemical molecules
found on a nutrition label are:
FAT
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
Carbohydrates
(13 grams in this product)
Protein
(9 grams in this product)

6. What is the fourth
type of biochemical
macromolecule?

7. The 4th type of biochemical macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDS
The types of Nucleic Acids
DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)

8. Keep the following in mind when studying this material:
Nucleic Acids -What they look like?
Carbohydrates -What they do/Where are they?
Lipids What are they made up of ? at the level of atoms
Proteins -What they do for life?
Keep the following in mind when studying this material:

9. General Information *4 types of macromolecules or polymers are made of 5 elements CHOPN (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen) *CHOPN makes up 99% of the human body All organic life contains carbon (everything that was alive or is alive)

10. LET’S BEGIN WITH CARBOHYDRATES
WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the main source for the body to gain energy. They are our fuel!
They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.
THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

11. CARBOHYDRATES
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies)
In animal products- in MILK

12. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Simple
Complex

13. -Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers
-Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers. They also taste sweet. (saccharides) -Complex carbs are long chains life starch and cellulose (10,000 and glucose molecules)

14. CANDY
FRUITS
Simple Sugars

15. Complex Carbohydrates
WHOLE GRAINS
FIBER
STARCHES
BREADS
PASTAS
VEGETABLES

16. CARBOHYDRATES
MADE UP OF...
Carbohydrates are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of carbohydrates is…
GLUCOSE

17. The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring (C6H12O6)

18. Each carbohydrate is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
CARBOHYDRATES
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each carbohydrate is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

19. NOW ONTO PROTEINS WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them
They make up antibodies in the immune system
They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions

20. MORE ON PROTEINS…
The following slides give you a little more in depth info on things that are made of proteins…

21. Muscles, ligaments, tendons, and bones
Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this….

22. Well, maybe not exactly…

23. Hair, Skin, and Nails

24. Microscope View of Skin and Nails
This is skin
This is a nail

25. Cell Membrane
The cell membrane surrounds everything in a cell so it doesn’t
leak out. It is kind of like the balloon in a water balloon.
The cell membrane is made mostly of protein AND lipids.

26. Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy.
The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck, by your voice box. Here is a picture of those cells secreting the thyroid hormone.
(The yellow stuff is
thyroid hormone)
Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy.
If you have an over active thyroid, you use energy quickly and tend to be very thin and have a hard time putting on weight.
If you have an under active thyroid gland, you use energy very slowly and tend to carry more body fat and have a difficult time losing it.
Don’t be quick to think you have a thyroid problem if you are overweight, chances are it’s actually your eating and exercise habits!

27. PROTEINS In plant foods- in the cell membranes
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plant foods- in the cell membranes
In animal products- in the cell membranes- in the muscles or living things- cows, chicken, fish…

28. Proteins

29. Proteins
Aside from the protein found in animal sources…protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)

30. PROTEINS
MADE UP OF...
Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All proteins are made of the monomer…
AMINO ACID

31. http://www. hcc. mnscu. edu/programs/dept/chem/V

32. http://upload. wikimedia

33. PROTEINS THINK: “CHONS” Each protein is made up of…
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each protein is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen,
Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur
THINK: “CHONS”

34. LIPIDS ARE NEXT WHAT DO THEY DO?
They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we have it in the future.
They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
They produce hormones for the body called STERIODS
They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes!

35. LIPIPS…Some interesting info
Waterproofing...
Fruits produce a waxy coating to keep from drying out.
The cells in a tulip make a wax which helps coat the leaves.
Ear wax traps dust, sand, and other foreign particles from going deeper into the ear and causing damage.
Beeswax- a structural material to hold honey in the hive

36. LIPIPS…Some interesting info
Steriods...
There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are:
SEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS
CHOLESTEROL
They increase muscle
Like testosterone and estrogen

37. LIPIDS In plants- in the seeds
WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
In plants- in the seeds
In animals- in adipose tissue, connective tissue
Lipids make up the cell membrane of all cells.

38. LIPIDS
OILS
BUTTER
MARGARINE

39. LIPIDS
MADE UP OF...
Lipids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. The most common monomer of lipids is…
TRIGLYCERIDES

40. The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter
This is a triglyceride molecule

41. Saturated Fatty Acids have no double bonds and are saturated with hydrogen. Unsaturated Fatty Acids have double bonds.

42. Each carbohydrate is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
LIPIDS
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each carbohydrate is made up of…
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHO”

43. OH NO CHO! Lipids like Carbs?
You might have noticed that both carbohydrates and lipids have the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
“CHO”
A carbohydrate, has twice as many hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C6H12O6
(This is a carb= there are double the number of H compared to O)
On the other hand, lipids have a lot more than twice the amount hydrogen atoms as the number of oxygen atoms.
EX: C27H46O cholesterol

44. FINALLY- NUCLEIC ACIDS

45. THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA
RNA

46. Nucleic Acids WHAT DO THEY DO DNA
Is our genetic material. Chromosomes are made of DNA.
Chromosomes contain the “recipes” to make proteins for your body.
RNA
Reads the DNA “protein recipes” and makes the proteins for your body.

47. NUCLEIC ACIDS

48. NUCLEIC ACIDS
MADE UP OF...
Nucleic Acids are chains (polymers) made of monomers. Nucleic acids are made up of
Nucleotide Chains
Which are nitrogen bases…something we will learn more about when we study DNA

49. The shape of a nucleic acid is:

50. Each nucleic acid is made up of… Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Nucleic Acids
AT THE ATOM LEVEL
Each nucleic acid is made up of…
Phosphorus, Nitrogen,
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
THINK: “CHOPN”

51. REVIEW QUESTIONS
What elements are found in all of the Big 4 molecules? Which of the Big 4 has different elements and what are they?
Since Carbohydrates and Lipids have the same elements in them, how can you tell the difference?
Would C26H32O5 be a carbohydrate or lipid?
Which molecule is in the shape of a hexagon?
Which molecule is in the shape of an E?
A polymer of amino acids makes what molecule?

52. Which one of the following molecules is a lipid? A carbohydrate?