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Bell Ringer 1.01 Define Anatomy 1.02 Define Physiology 1.03 Describe the relationship between Anatomy and Physiology © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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I. Form and Function of Anatomy & Physiology
A. Anatomy Definition Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another Subdivisions of anatomy: a. Gross anatomy is the study of large, visible structures i. Regional anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of the body © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ii. System anatomy looks at just one system
iii. Surface anatomy looks at internal structures at they relate to overlying skin b. Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen by naked eye i. Cytology: microscopic study of cells ii. Histology: microscopic study of tissues c. Developmental anatomy studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life i. Embryology: study of developments before birth © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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2. Subdivisions of physiology
B. Physiology Definition: Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities 2. Subdivisions of physiology a. Based on organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology) b. Often focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body i. Looks at how the body’s abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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C. Complementarity of Structure and Function
1. Anatomy and physiology are inseparable a. Function always reflects structure b. What a structure can do depends on its specific form c. Known as the principle of complementarity of structure and function © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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II. Structural Organization
A. Human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level: Chemical level Atoms Molecules Organelles 2. Cellular level a. single cell © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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3. Tissue level a. groups of similar cells 4. Organ level a
3. Tissue level a. groups of similar cells 4. Organ level a. contains two or more types of tissues 5. Organ system level a. organs that work closely together 6. Organismal level a. all organ systems combined to make the whole organism © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 1 Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 2 Atoms Molecule Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 3 Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 4 Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 5 Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 6 Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.1 Levels of structural organization.
Slide 7 Organelle Atoms Molecule Smooth muscle cell Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Smooth muscle tissue Cardiovascular system Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Heart Blood vessels Blood vessel (organ) Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Epithelial tissue Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.3a The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Hair Nails Skin Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.3b The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Bones Joint Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.3c The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Skeletal muscles Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.3d The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Brain Nerves Spinal cord Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.3e The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Pineal gland Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.3f The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Heart Blood vessels Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.3g The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Red bone marrow Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Spleen Lymph nodes Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.3h The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Nasal cavity Pharynx Bronchus Larynx Trachea Lung Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.3i The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Oral cavity Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.3j The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.3k The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Prostate Penis Testis Ductus deferens Scrotum Male Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.3l The body’s organ systems and their major functions.
Mammary glands (in breasts) Ovary Uterine tube Uterus Vagina Female Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Bell Ringer 1.04 Name as many of the 11 organ systems as you can What are the first three levels of structural organization? 1.06 Use a Directional Term to fill in the blank: The abdominal muscles are ______ to the small intestines © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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III. Anatomical Terms A. Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
1. Standard anatomical position a. Body standing upright, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from body 2. Directional terms describe one body structure in relation to another body structure a. Direction is always based on standard anatomical position b. Right and left refer to the body being viewed, not right and left of observer © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Table 1.1-1 Orientation and Directional Terms
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Table 1.1-2 Orientation and Directional Terms (continued)
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Table 1.1-3 Orientation and Directional Terms (continued)
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1. Two major divisions of body
B. Regional Terms 1. Two major divisions of body a. Axial i. Head, neck, and trunk b. Appendicular i. Limbs (legs and arms) 2. Regional terms designate specific areas within body divisions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.7a Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic Frontal Orbital Nasal Oral Upper limb Mental Acromial Cervical Brachial (arm) Antecubital Thoracic Sternal Axillary Antebrachial (forearm) Mammary Carpal (wrist) Abdominal Umbilical Manus (hand) Pelvic Inguinal (groin) Palmar Pollex Digital Lower limb Coxal (hip) Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Thorax Tarsal (ankle) Abdomen Metatarsal Digital Hallux Anterior/Ventral © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.7b Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.
Cephalic Otic Occipital (back of head) Upper limb Acromial Cervical Brachial (arm) Olecranal Back (dorsal) Antebrachial (forearm) Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Manus (hand) Metacarpal Sacral Gluteal Digital Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Popliteal Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Calcaneal Back (Dorsum) Plantar Posterior/Dorsal © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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C. Body Planes and Sections 1. Definitions a. Body planes
i. Surfaces along which body or structures may be cut for anatomical study b. Sections i. Cuts or sections made along a body plane ii. Named after plane © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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2. Common Types a. Sagittal plane
i. Divides body vertically into right and left parts ii. Produces a sagittal section if cut along this plane Midsagittal (median) section Cut was made perfectly on midline Parasagittal section Cut was off-centered, not on midline © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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b. Frontal (coronal) plane
i. Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts (front and back) ii. Produces a frontal or coronal section c. Transverse (horizontal) plane i. Divides body horizontally (90° to vertical plane) into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom) ii. Produces a cross section d. Oblique section i. Result of cuts at angle other than 90° to vertical plane © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse plane
Figure 1.8 Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Median (midsagittal) plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse plane Vertebral column Right lung Left lung Heart Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous fat layer Spinal cord © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Median (midsagittal) plane
Figure 1.8a Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Median (midsagittal) plane Vertebral column Rectum Intestines © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Frontal (coronal) plane
Figure 1.8b Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Frontal (coronal) plane Right lung Left lung Heart Liver Stomach Spleen © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Transverse plane Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen Subcutaneous fat layer
Figure 1.8c Planes of the body with corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Transverse plane Liver Aorta Pancreas Spleen Subcutaneous fat layer Spinal cord © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Bell Ringer 1.07 Describe Anatomical Position Draw a picture showing the transverse plane What type of section is produced if you cut the body into left and right sides, but it is NOT perfectly down the midline? 1.10 What is a cavity? © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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IV. Body Cavities and Membranes
Two internal body cavities are closed to the environment and help protect organs within Dorsal Body Cavity a. Protects fragile nervous system b. Two subdivisions i. Cranial cavity Encases brain ii. Vertebral cavity Encases spinal cord © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Dorsal body cavity Superior mediastinum Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Diaphragm Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdomino- pelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Lateral view Anterior view © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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a. Houses the internal organs (collectively called viscera)
2. Ventral Body Cavity a. Houses the internal organs (collectively called viscera) b. Two subdivisions, which are separated by the diaphragm i. Thoracic cavity Two pleural cavities Each cavity surrounds one lung © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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ii. Abdominopelvic cavity
Mediastinum Contains pericardial cavity Surrounds other thoracic organs, such as esophagus, trachea, etc. Pericardial cavity Encloses heart ii. Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver Pelvic cavity Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.9 Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.
Cranial cavity Cranial cavity (contains brain) Vertebral cavity Dorsal body cavity Superior mediastinum Thoracic cavity (contains heart and lungs) Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Diaphragm Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdomino- pelvic cavities) Abdominal cavity (contains digestive viscera) Abdomino- pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity Lateral view Anterior view © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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B. Membranes are found within the ventral body cavity
1. Serosa (also called serous membrane) a. Thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity i. Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls ii. Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera) b. Double layers are separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid c. Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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2. Named for specific cavity and organs that they are associated with
a. Pericardium i. Heart b. Pleurae i. Lungs c. Peritoneum i. Abdominopelvic cavity © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.10 Serous membrane relationships.
Outer balloon wall (comparable to parietal serosa) Air (comparable to serous cavity) Inner balloon wall (comparable to visceral serosa) A fist thrust into a flaccid balloon demonstrates the relationship between the parietal and visceral serous membrane layers. Heart Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium The serosae associated with the heart. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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C. Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions 1
C. Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions 1. Quadrants are divisions used primarily by medical personnel a. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) b. Left upper quadrant (LUQ) c. Right lower quadrant (RLQ) d. Left lower quadrant (LLQ) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.11 The four abdominopelvic quadrants.
Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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2. Nine divisions called regions, resembling a tic-tac-toe grid, are used primarily by anatomists a. Right hypochondriac region b. Epigastric region c. Left hypochondriac region d. Right lumbar region e. Umbilical region f. Left lumber region g. Right Iliac (inguinal) region h. Hypogastric region i. Left iliac (inguinal) region © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Figure 1.12 The nine abdominopelvic regions.
Liver Diaphragm Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Spleen Epigastric region Gallbladder Stomach Ascending colon of large intestine Transverse colon of large intestine Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Small intestine Descending colon of large intestine Cecum Initial part of sigmoid colon Right iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Appendix Urinary bladder Nine regions delineated by four planes Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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D. In addition to the two main body cavities, the body has several smaller cavities that are exposed to environment 1. Oral and digestive cavities 2. Nasal cavity 3. Orbital cavities 4. Middle ear cavities © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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