1. Evolution OF NEW SPECIES

2. Genetic Divergence
Genetic divergence happens when populations are separated and accumulate genetic differences.
Genetic divergence can result in the creation of new species.

3. Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
Any heritable feature of body form, function or behavior that prevents breeding between one or more genetically divergent populations.
Can be either prezygotic or postzygotic.
Pre- = ?
Post- = ?
Zygote = ?
BEFORE
AFTER
FERTILIZED EGG

4. Prezygotic Isolation Mechanisms
Reproductive isolation that occurs even before mating is attempted and/or a zygote is produced.
Zygote = first cell produced after fertilization; a fertilized egg

5. Behavior Isolation
When behavior of individuals in populations of similar organisms prevent mating.
Why is Happy Feet a good example?
"Happy Feet" is set deep in Antarctica. Enter the land of Emperor Penguins, where each needs a heart song to attract a soul mate, a penguin is born who cannot sing. Our hero Mumble, son of Memphis and Norma Jean, is the worst singer in the world. However, as it happens, he is a brilliant tap dancer!

6. Temporal Isolation
When similar organisms are isolated by differences in mating timing – they just aren’t around when their sister species are…
Ex: Cicadas
These two cicada species will only be able to share their genes once every 221 years!

7. Mechanical Isolation The parts don’t match up…
This could be due to body part differences
Ex. Plants and their pollinators
In plants, mechanical isolation often occurs in flowering plants pollinated by insects. The flowers of black sage and white sage are structurally different and are pollinated by different species of insects. In this example, each insect species pollinates flowers of only one of the sage species. Therefore, interbreeding does not occur.

8. Ecological Isolation
Populations are adapted to different microenvironments within the same general area.
Ex: manzanita trees in the Sierra Nevada - species based on altitude

9. Gametic Mortality
Mating happens, but gametes of different species are incompatible at a molecular level.
Sperm cannot penetrate the egg
EGG

10. Postzygotic Isolation
Happens during or after embryonic development.
May result in:
Early death of offspring
Sterility
Low fitness (weak offspring)
Low survival rates
Few sturdy but sterile hybrids: liger, mule

11. Types of Speciation Allopatric
Allo – different
Patry – homeland
Speciation arises from physical separation between populations.

12. Sympatric Sym – together
No physical barriers between groups, but for some reason they become reproductively isolated (have a preference of mates) and become separate species.

13. Parapatric
Para – near
Extremes of population become less likely to mate with each other resulting in:
Reduced gene flow
Different selection pressures at extremes
No specific barrier to gene flow. The population is continuous, but nonetheless, the population does not mate randomly. Individuals are more likely to mate with their geographic neighbors than with individuals in a different part of the population’s range. In this mode, divergence may happen because of reduced gene flow within the population and varying selection pressures across the population’s range.

14. Gradualism Model of Speciation
Evolution has a fairly slow but constant rate
New species arise by the gradual transformation of ancestral species
The rate of evolution is relatively constant throughout history

15. Punctuated Model of Speciation
Most species will experience little evolutionary change for most of their geological history (in an extended state called stasis)
Evolution occurs in “bursts” -- rare, rapid events of branching speciation
Punctuated = sudden, rapid change
Equilibrium = periods of little change