1. Mechanical Separation

2. Filtration

4. Rate of Filtration
pressure
Resistance

5. Eq 13.1 + 13.4 = rate of filtration process
S = solids content of the fluid
V = volume that has passed through the filter
A = cross-sectional area
Total resistance
Eq = rate of filtration process

6. Early and Final stages of filtration
Constant rate
Constant pressure

7. Constant-rate filtration
If L negligible

15. Design of Filtration System
Small-scale experiment to obtain resistance value
Obtain filtrate volume at different times at constant pressure
Pilot-scale filter

22. Sedimentation
Sedimentation velocities for low-concentration suspensions
Terminal velocity
individual particle is the only particle in the suspension
= Free Settling

23. Force that resists the gravitational force = drag force
u, relative velocity between particle and fluid
d, particle diameter
 fluid viscosity

24. Gravitational force Stoke’s Law Eq 13.12 = 13.13,
Stream line flow and spherical particle

25. At Reynold No. > 1000
Conditions must be modified to account for drag force

27. m

30. Centrifugation

31. Separation of fluids with different densities

32. Rate of Separation Relative velocities between two phases
Centrifugal acceleration