1. Comparative Theology of the Protestant Reformation

2. Lutheranism Lutheranism was the first of the Reformation movements
He became an Augustine monk in 1505
In 1508, he became a teacher of theology at the University of Wittenberg

3. Luther concluded that the only path to salvation was through faith in the goodness and mercy of Jesus
There was nothing a believer could do to earn salvation
Only Jesus could grant the gift of salvation
Theology based on “salvation by faith alone”

4. In 1517, Johann Tetzel began to sell indulgences in the area around Wittenberg
By gaining indulgences, Christians could reduce the amount of time they or their deceased loved ones would remain in purgatory before entering into heaven
$ being raised was being used to build St. Peters in Rome

5. Luther began to question the doctrine of indulgences
October 31, 1517, he posted the 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg
Intended to be a challenge to debate the issue of indulgences
Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1520

6. In 1521, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ordered Luther to appear before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at its meeting in Worms
They called on him to recant, which he did not
Luther was declared an outlaw, but Frederick the Wise of Saxony provided him refuge

7. In 1522, Luther returned to Wittenberg and began to reform the local church
Taught the only valid source of Christian doctrine was the Bible
Only 2 sacraments – baptism and communion
Priesthood for all believers

8. Luther prepared German translation of the New Testament
Also abolished monasteries and ended the requirement for celibacy of the clergy
Services were less elaborate than Catholic worship

9. In 1524, revolt against the landowners began among the peasants in southwestern Germany
The peasants sought to abolish serfdom and the manorial system
The peasants hoped for Luther’s support, but the he was a conservative on social and economic issues
He supported the princes suppressing the revolt

10. In 1530, Luther appeared before Charles V at the Diet of Augsburg
He presented his statement of faith, which the Diet found unacceptable
A number of German Lutheran princes and cities established the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance against the Catholic Hapsburgs

11. From 1546 to 1555, Germany was torn by a religious civil war
In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg was reached
German princes had the right to determine the religion of his state
Did not provide for recognition of other groups

12. Lutheranism became the predominant religion in much of Germany
Spread to Scandinavia, becoming predominant in Denmark and Norway

13. Zwingli Ulrich Zwingli began the Swiss Reformation
He was a humanist and Catholic priest, and had hoped that the Church would reform itself
Broke from the Church in 1519

14. Believed in the supremacy of the Bible
Believed that baptism and communion were ceremonies were symbols, not true sacraments
Rejected the celibacy of the church
Emphasized simplicity in worship

15. John Calvin Born in France Studied theology and law
Began to develop his own views on the Christian religion
Was forced into exile and settled in Geneva, where he became the leader of that cities Reformation

16. Set forth his theology in The Institutes of the Christian Religion
Bible was the only source of Christian doctrine
Only 2 sacraments, baptism and holy communion

17. Emphasized the doctrine of predestination
At the beginning of creation, the all powerful and all knowing God had planned the whole universe to the end of time
God determined those individuals who would be saved

18. Those destined for salvation were called the Elect
God had given the Elect a faith in Jesus Christ and a desire to live in accordance with Christian moral values

19. Calvin ended both monasticism and the celibacy of the clergy
Worship emphasized simplicity
Worship consisted of prayers, the singing of psalms, scripture readings, and a sermon
Governed by laymen called elders, who were elected by the congregation

20. Emphasized a puritanical approach to life
Required church attendance
Banned card playing, gambling, dancing, theatergoing, the consumption of alcohol and swearing
Calvin established a strict theocracy in Geneva

21. The Calvinist Reformed Church became dominant in much of Switzerland
Those who practiced Calvinism in France were called Huguenots
John Knox spread Calvinism to Scotland (Presbyterianism)
English Calvinists are Puritans
Also won favor in the Dutch Netherlands

22. Anglicanism
Henry VIII wished to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
The king requested Pope Clement VIII to grant him the annulment on the claim that the marriage was invalid
Italy was being dominated at the time by Charles V, Catherine of Aragon’s nephew

23. In 1529, Henry VIII dismissed his lord chancellor, Cardinal Wolsey and replaced him with Thomas More
The new archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, granted the annulment in 1533
Henry married Anne Boleyn

24. 1534, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy
Declared the king, rather than the pope, to be the head of the English church
The English church under Henry VIII remained fundamentally Catholic

25. In 1539, Parliament approved the Six Articles, defining the doctrine of the Catholic Church
On all major points, except papal supremacy, the Six Articles reaffirmed Catholic teaching and rejected Protestant beliefs

26. Henry VIII acted against the English monasteries, which were regarded as strongholds of support for the papacy
The king needed money, sold most of the monastic lands to wealthy Englishmen

27. Henry VIII encountered some opposition to his break with Rome
Thomas More refused to support the Act of Supremacy, and was executed
1536 – Pilgrimage of Grace – conservative Northern part of England revolted against Henry

28. King Edward VI Son of Henry VIII
During Edward’s reign, the English Church became more Protestant
Six Articles were replaced with Forty-two articles, which reflected more Calvinist ideas

29. Queen Mary Followed Edward to the throne
Attempted to restore Roman Catholicism in England
Persecuted England’s Protestants

30. Queen Elizabeth I Ruled after Mary
Tried to create a religious settlement that would satisfy the great majority of her subjects
1559 – new Act of Supremacy
1559 – Act of Uniformity
1563 – Parliament defined the teachings of the Anglican Church with its Thirty-nine Articles

31. Anabaptism Radicals of the Protestant Reformation
Rejected infant baptism
Insisted the only true Christians had undergone a conversion experience and had then been baptized

32. Anabaptists opposed the taking of oaths and the bearing of arms
Believed that the church should be entirely separate from the state
Thomas Munzer – wanted religious reform but also wanted to overthrow the existing political and social order

33. John of Leyden – headed a theocratic government in the city of Munster
Claimed to be directly inspired by God, he endorsed polygamy and took four wives

34. Menno Simons was more moderate in his views
Became Anabaptist in 1536, preaching simplicity in religions practice and in life
Teaching resulted in the establishment of the Mennonite movement