1. DNA Notes

2. Central Dogma
DNA RNA Protein

3. Structure and function
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are made of smaller subunits called nucleotides.
The components of DNA nucleotide are a simple sugar, called deoxyribose, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base.

5. Structure and function
The 4 nitrogen bases are: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
Adenine pairs with Thymine
Cytosine pairs with Guanine

6. Structure and function
In DNA, nucleotides combine to form 2 long chains, producing 1 large molecule.
The 2 chains are joined by a hydrogen bond.

8. The importance of sequences
DNA in each organism is different because of the sequencing of the nitrogen base.

9. Replication
In autosomal cells, mitosis is the process by which organisms copy their DNA in the cell to prepare to pass it on to new cells.
In sex cells, meiosis is the process by which organisms copy their DNA in the cell to prepare to pass it on to new cells.

10. Replication
Every time a cell reproduces it needs to make a copy of the directions for life for it’s offspring.

11. Replication
Replication begins with an enzyme “unzipping” the hydrogen bond between the nitrogen bases.
After the bond is broken, free nucleotides in the nucleus bond with the unpaired nucleotides.

12. Replication
After this pairing, another enzyme bonds them together with a hydrogen bond.
Each new strand is a perfect copy of the parent.

14. The DNA code
The sequence of nitrogen bases along one of the DNA strands is a code to make protein.

15. RNA and DNA RNA and DNA differ structurally in three ways:
RNA is a single strand
Different sugar (ribose)
Has uracil instead of thymine

16. RNA
RNA is the form in which information moves from the nucleus to the ribosome.
Enzymes make a copy of DNA through a process called transcription, the result is RNA.

17. mRNA is the copy of DNA that is taken out into the cytoplasm of the cell.

19. Proteins
Proteins are made in ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell, but DNA is only found in the nucleus.

20. Proteins Proteins are built from smaller molecules called amino acids.
There are 20 different kinds of Amino acids. But there are only 4 types of bases in DNA…

21. Codons
Each set of three bases that codes for an amino acid and is known as a codon, also known as a triplet code.

22. RNA
Translation is the process of converting the information in a sequence of nitrogen bases into amino acids that make up proteins.
This occurs on ribosomes and involves tRNA

23. tRNA codes the mRNA and brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome to make it a protein.
rRNA is a type of RNA that is in the ribosome and helps to guide translation

26. Mutations
A mutation is any mistake or change in the DNA sequence.

27. Point Mutation: One nucleotide is substituted for another ACGCTTGCA  ACACTTGCA Frameshift Mutation: One nucleotide is inserted or deleted causing a shift in the reading frame ACGCTTGCA  ACCTTGCA

28. Causes of mutations
Errors in DNA can result from exposure to X-rays, ultraviolet light, radioactivity and other chemicals.

29. Causes of mutations
DNA mutations cause the changes necessary for survival of a species.
But they can cause birth defects and can lead to cancer.