1. All about models

2. Models that get TV shows…

3. Population The DTM Demographic Transition Model
Shows relationship between CBR, CDR, NI and the rate of population growth over time.
X axis = time
Y axis = birth and death rates
Based on the population experiences of Europe and countries which experienced the Industrial Revolution
Still has applicability to others

4. The Demographic Transition Model
Population Boom

5. The Stages Stage 1: High birth and death rates (“high stationary” )
True of all human populations until late 18th century
Stage 2: falling death rates make a rise in population
Improvements in food supply and public health » Falling IMR
Deals with a “population explosion”
Stage 3: birth rates begin to fall
Increasing urbanization; increasing female literacy & employment (Female education = #1 factor in lowering BR)
Better medical care/ sanitation (water): Lower IMR » lower CBR; improvements in contraceptive technology
Stage 4: ZPG or low birth and death rates (“low stationary”)
Birth rates have fallen to replacement levels (2 children/ couple), and population has restabilized.
Stage 5: negative growth
Birth rates have fallen below replacement level

6. Students should be able to…
Identify the stage a particular country is likely in
Know which region of the world a country is in, and be able to categorize that. (Know the exceptions within those regions.)
Identify the issues that a particular country may face due to its stage in the DTM (Japan vs. China)
Critique the model
only effectively describes certain countries
Not all countries go through the stages the same way
Many countries are ‘skipping’ traditional industrialism- does it still apply to them?
Differences with LDC’s
later transition (20th cent.) for LDC’s
Faster decline in death rates (50 yrs. vs. 150 yrs)
Relatively longer lag between drop in CDR and drop in CBR.
Higher maximum rates of growth in stage 2, age structures in LDC’s far younger.

7. Population Pyramids/ Structures

8. Population Structures
Rapid Growth:
Most of developing world.
Populations increase so fast that doubling time can = 25 years.
High percent of population is under 19 (60%).
Resource usage is high, but a low standard of living exists. Any increase on S.O.L is absorbed by population growth.
Slow Growth:
Developed countries (U.S, Canada, some W. Europe)
Long doubling time,
Resources are used to maintain infrastructure.
Under 19= 25=30% Some have no growth and stable populations.
Negative Growth:
Very few countries: Japan, Italy, Austria.
Under 19= less than 25%
averaging less than 2 children per family.
Resources- to increase standard of living.

9. Pyramid Shape- related to DTM

10. Pyramid Examples Also called: Age-sex pyramids or Age-structure
diagrams
Cohort

11. Pyramid Examples

13. Students should be able to
Interpret pyramids based on basic shape styles and determine whether a particular area is undergoing rapid, slow, stable or negative growth.
Explain how population momentum will affect that area, even when CBR drops.
Identify the issues that face each type of growth- including dependency ratios.
Provide reasonable explanations for phenomena seen in each pyramid
Gender differences, baby booms, wars, colleges, etc.

14. Population 1 x Population 2
Gravity Model
Predicts the likelihood of interaction between places based on size and distance.
Population 1 x Population 2
Distance2
Students should be able to make a general prediction as to the likely interaction.

15. Diffusion models Contagious Diffusion Hierarchical Diffusion
Relocation Diffusion
Barriers
Intervening Obstacle
Political, Cultural, Physical, etc.

16. Contagious Diffusion

17. Contagious Diffusion

18. Contagious Diffusion

19. Contagious Diffusion

20. Contagious Diffusion

21. Hierarchical Diffusion

22. Hierarchical Diffusion

23. Hierarchical Diffusion

24. Hierarchical Diffusion

25. Relocation diffusion

26. Relocation diffusion

27. Spatial Diffusion of Rap Music

28. Von Thünen
Essay topic 2 years in a row, also referenced in the ‘infamous’ chicken question.
Based on:
Isotropic plain. (All conditions constant everywhere.)
People act to maximize profit. (All agriculture in the model is assumed to be commercial)
An isolated state (no competition.)
Land is more valuable closer to the market (bid-rent) so crops grown there must take that into account.
Certain crops cost more to transport or store than others, due to weight or perishability (frequency of transport): those will be located close to minimize cost of transport.
Transportation costs increase with distance, so crops grown farther away must be raised in bulk or have low frequency of transport.

29. The Model

30. With Modification

31. Industrial Location Theory
Hotelling’s Ice Cream Vendors
Weber’s Model of Industrial Location
Christaller’s Central Place Theory

32. BEACH

33. 1 Vendor?
BEACH

34. 2 Vendors?
BEACH

35. 3 Vendors?
BEACH

36. Weber’s Model of Industrial location
Assumption is still that individuals act to maximize profit and minimize cost
Accounts for several different aspects of the change of raw material during the manufacturing process.
If weight loss occurred, best place for the factory would be the site of raw materials. 
Processes that increase the bulk of the product, or make it either more perishable or fragile would be better sited close to the market. 
Assumption of 2 necessary raw materials and a single market for the finished product
First determined on a triangular board- three strings knotted together, with weights tied to their other ends.
Where the knot was pulled to indicated where the factory should be located.
Critique:
Obviously doesn’t account for differences in wages, taxation or incentives, etc.

37. Furniture?
Paper?
Pianos?
Firewood? 4 2 1 3
The Market
The Resource

38. Christaller’s Central Place Theory
Isotropic Plain!!!
Even distribution of population with identical preferences
Size and distribution of markets and service centers varies according to relative size (or population).
A product’s range (or maximum travel distance of a consumer) is limited
The minimum required market (or threshold) varies by product
the range of higher order goods is greater than lower order goods
the threshold for higher order goods is greater
Range must surpass threshold for profitability

41. Burgess: the Concentric Zone Model

42. Hoyt’s Sector model

43. Harris and Ullman: Multiple Nuclei Model

44. Vance’s Urban Realms

46. Latin American City Model