1. FIGURE S1.1 Track of the HMS Challenger Expedition 1872-1876.
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FIGURE S1.1

2. Overturning circulation of the Atlantic Ocean according to Merz and Wüst (1923).
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FIGURE S1.2

3. FIGURE S1.3 Meteor after refit. Source: From Spiess (1928).
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4. FIGURE S1.4 Ekman repeating current meter. Source: From Spiess (1928).
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